The bishop, as the representative of the congre- gation in its relations to other congregations, was charged with the maintenance of correspondence, just as he was charged above other members with the exercise of hospitality to Christian visitors. The letter which he wrote might be regarded either as emanating from the congregation or as his personal letter. The letter of Clement to the Corinthians is expressed as really the letter of the Roman Church to the Corinthian Church. It is the present writer’s belief that the Epistle to the Hebrews was the letter of the Church in Ceesarea, and mainly of Philip as leader of that Church.
In the absence of a proper postal system, special messengers had to be found to carry these letters. These messengers may be assumed to have been, from the beginning, always Christians: such were Epaphroditus, Tychicus, Titus, Phoebe, and many others.
Dr. Hort, in the Appendix to his posthumous Commentary on First Peter, has shown that such a messenger carried that Epistle from Rome to the Churches of Asia Minor, sailing to Amastris, where he landed and went across Pontus into North
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Galatia, Cappadocia, South Galatia, Asia, and finally Bithynia.
Liveratury.— Friedlander, Darstellungen aus der Sitten- geschichte der rém. Kaiserzeit, ii.5 ch. i., is excellent, though we have found ourselves obliged often to differ from his views. Miss Caroline Skeel has published a useful little work, Travel in the First Century. Most useful and fundamental is Parthey and Pinder’s edition of the Itineraria. Compare Bergier, Histoire des grands Chemins deUEmpire rom.; Berger, Die Heerstrassen des rom. Reichs. On the Imperial Post, see Hudemann, Geschichte des rém. Postwesens ; Rittershain, Die Reichspost der rom. Kaiser, Berlin, 1880; de Rothschild, Histoire de la Poste aux Lettres, Paris, 1873; Hirschfeld, Rim. Verwaltungsgeschichte, p. 98ff.; Marquardt, Rom. Staatsverwaltung, i. p. 558 ff.; Mommsen, Rém. Staatsrecht, ii.2 p. 987ff., 11° p. 1029ff.; Stephan, Das Verkehrswesen im Alterthwm, is quoted by Friedlander from Raumer’s Histor’. Taschenb. 1868, p. 120. Of. Breusing, Die Nautik der Alten, 1886; Vars, L’Art Nautique, 1887. Many other books are incidentally referred to in the preceding pages.
TABLE OF CONTENTS OF ABOVE ARTICLE.
I. ROUTES BY LAND AND BY SEA. j. Rome the centre of the Empire, p. 375f. ji. Seasons and routes open for travelling, p. 376f. iii. Variations in the routes at different seasons, p. 377 f. iv. Voyage from Rome to Egypt direct, and thence to Palestine, p. 378 f. y. Voyage from Alexandria to Rome, p. 379 ff. vi. Time between Alexandria and Rome, p. 381. F vii. Voyages to Asia, the Aigean and Euxine Seas, Palestine, and Egypt, p. 381 ff. Overland route and Imperial post-road from Rome to the East, p. 383 ff. ix. Duration of journeys on the post-road between Rome and the East, p. 385 ff. (a) Rate of foot-travelling, p. 386. (b) Rate of driving, p. 386. (c) Rate of Imperial couriers, p. 386" f. . Central route between Rome and the East, p. 388 f. xi. Inter-provincial routes in the East, p. 389b—
1. The Trade route, p. 390.
2. The ‘Syrian’ route, p. 390.
8. From the Propontis and Bosporus, and from Nicomedia and Nice#a, through Bithynia, Paphlagonia, and Pontus, p. 390%.
4. From the Bosporus and Nicomedia, via Nica, to Dorylaion and the south-west, p. 390>f.
5, From Perga in Pamphylia to Ephesus, etc.,
391
viii.
val
p. 391. xii. Other routes— 1. From Rome, vié Ariminum and Aquileia, to Thrace and Constantinople, p. 391. 2. From Rome to the Upper Danube, p. 391%. 3. From Rome to Gaul and Lower and Upper Germany, p. 391>f. 4. From Rome to Spain, p. 392. 5. From Rome to Britain, p. 3924. 6. From Rome to Africa, p. 3922. Il. THE GENERAL EQUIPMENT OF THE ROMAN ROAD SYSTEM. i, Maintenance, repairs, and safety, p. 392. ii. Construction, measurements, milestones, p. 392 f. iii. Inns and entertainment, p. 393f. iv. Customs, road-taxes or tolls, and frontier duties, p. 394 ff. y. The telonaz in the Gospels. Ill. MEANS AND POPULARITY OF TRAVEL. i. Travel as pictured in the Classical literature, p. 396». ii. Travel in the Christian literature, p. 396 f. iii. Travel confined to the Roman Empire, p. 397. iv. Classes of travellers and motives for travelling, p. 397» f. v. Road maps, guide-books, and statistics, p. 398. vi. Means of locomotion in journeys by land, p. 398», vii. Ships and shipping arrangements, p. 398) f. viii. Passenger ships, p. 399» f. ix. Imperial transport ships, p. 400 f. x. Correspondence, p. 400? ff. Literature.
W. M. RAMSAY, CONTINENTAL YVERSIONS.—
i. French.
ii. Italian. iii. Spanish. iv. Portuguese. v. German,
vi. Dutch. : vii. Danish (and Norwegian). viii. Swedish.
ix. Hungarian. x. Bohemian. xi. Polish. xii. Russian. xiii. Modern Greek.
i. FRENCH VERSIONS.—The earliest reference to the lingua Romana rustica, in connexion with France, comes to us in the 7th cent., when Mum-
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molinus was elected bishop of Noyon because he could speak both German and Romance; but the oldest written French is found in detached words written in the 8th cent. as glosses on a Latin Bible, inserted to explain the meaning of the Latin words. These are the well-known Reichenau and Cassel glosses. The 9th cent. gives us, in the Strassburg oaths of 842, the first continuous French. Earlier in the same century, in 813, it had been ordered at the Synod of Tours that the Latin homilies were to be translated in linguam Romanam rusticam aut Theotiscam. This does not, however, imply more than an oral translation ; but it is significant of the widening breach between the language of the common people and the Latin of the clergy—a breach which had no doubt been widened unnaturally by Charlemagne’s efforts to prevent the deterioration of written Latin. By the next century, the 10th, we find the great broad division appearing, into the lungue d’oil of the centre and north of France, and the langue d’oc of the south. By the end of the 11th cent. the first of these was marked off into at least four dialects : Norman in the N.W. (and in England), Picard in the N.E., Burgundian in the east, and French in the Tle de France. This last gradually became supreme as the literary dialect, owing to the widening poli- tical supremacy of the lords of France, with Paris as their capital, and by the 14th cent. its supre- macy was complete. In the south, the langue @oc attained its chief literary importance in the 12th and 13th cents., and after the defeat of the south in the Albigensian war in 1272 it was supplanted for literary purposes by the northern French, on which, however, it exercised a con- siderable influence.