LITERATURE.—(1) General :—C. A. Credner, Beitriige zur Hin- leitung in die bibl. Schriften, 1832, p. 437 ff., Gesch. der neutest. Kanons (herausg. von G. Volkmar), 1860, p. 17 ff.; H. A. Daniel, Tatianus der Apologet, 1887; C. A. Semisch, Tatiani Diatessaron, 1856; Th. Zahn, orschungen zur Geschichte des neutest. Kanons, i. (1881, ‘Tatian’s Diatessaron’), ii. 286 ff. (1883), iv. 225-246 (1891, ‘Der Text des von A. Ciasca heraus- gegebenen arabischen Diatessarons von Dr. Ernst Sellin’), Geschichte des Kanons (1888), i. 369 ff. (cf. Harnack, Das Neue Testament um das Jahr 200, p. 90ff.), ii. 5380-556, art. ‘ Zur Geschichte von Tatian’s Diatessaron im Abendland’ in Neue Kirchliche Zeitschrift, 1894, pp. 85-120, art. ‘ Evangelien- harmonie’ in PRE? y. 653 ff. (1898); A. Hjelt, Die altsyrische Evangelieniibersetzung und Tatian’s Diatessaron, Leipzig, 1901 (=Zahn, Forschwngen, vii. 1, 1993); Fr. Baethgen, Bvan- gelienfragmente, Leipzig, 1885 ; J. Rendel Harris, The Diates- saron of Tatian, Cambridge, 1890, Contemporary Review, Aug. 1895, pp. 271-278 (a reply to W. R. Cassels’ article in Nineteenth Century, April 1895, p. 665 ff.), Fragments of the Commentary of Ephraem Syrus wpon the Diatessaron, London, 1895 ; Isaac H. Hall and Professor Gottheil, Journal of Biblical Literature, xi. 11, pp. 153-155 (1891), xii. 1, pp. 68-71 (1892) ; Goussen, Studia Theologica, Fasc. 1 (1895); J. B. Lightfoot, Essays on Super- natural Religion, pp. 272-288; H. Wace, Expositor, 1881, 1882; Westcott, History of the Canon’, pp. 325-333; Fuller, art. in Dictionary of Christian Biography, ii. p. 140 ff.; Holzhey, Der mneuentdeckte Codex Sinaiticus untersucht, Miinchen, 1896; Bewer, The History of the NT Canon in the Syrian Church, Chicago, 1900; F. OC. Burkitt, S. Ephraem’s Quotations from the Gospel (=Teats and Studies, vii. 2), Cam- bridge, 1901; art. in Church Quarterly Review, April 1903, pp. 143-171.
* Op. cit, pp. 113-130; see also Ch. Quarterly, April 1903, pp. 167-170.
_ (2) Texts.—A. Ciasca, ‘De Tatiani Diatessaron arabica ver- sione’ (in 8. P, Pitra’s Analecta sacra spicilegio Solesmensi parata, Paris, iv. pp. xxviliff., 466 ff., 1883), Tatiani evan- geliorum harmonic arabice, Rome, 1888; Hemphill, Zhe Diatessaron of Tatian, Dublin and London, 1888; J. Hamlyn Hill, The Earliest Life of Christ, being the Diatessaron of Tatian, Edinburgh, 1894, A Dissertation on the Gospel Com- mentary of S. Ephraem the Syrian, Edinburgh, 1896; Hope W. Hogg, ‘The Diatessaron of Tatian’ in Ante-Nicene Christian Library, Add. vol., Edinburgh, 1897 ; G. Moesinger, Hvangelii Concordantis Hxpositio ; in Latinum translata, etc., Venice, 1876 (Professor A. Robinson’s more accurate English translation of the Gospel quotations occurring in the Commentary is given in Appendix x. of Hill’s Harliest Life, and in his Dissertation, pp. 75-119); E. Ranke, Codex Fuldensis; Novum Testamentum latine interprete Hieronymo ex manuscripto Victoris Capuani,
Marburg and Leipzig, 1868. Joun F. STENNING
JOSEPHUS.—
i. Life. ii. Works. 1. The Jewish War. Sources and contents, 2. The Antiquities. Contents and sources. of Josephus as a historian. 3. The Life. 4, The contra Apionem. Projected works. Works attributed to Josephus. iii. The Bible of Josephus, and his treatment of the Biblical narrative. 1. Text. 2. Canon of OT. 8. Additions to Biblical narrative, mainly derived from Rabbinic tradition. 4. Omissions from apologetic motives. 5. Rationalistic explanations of the miraculous. 6. Prophecies in the OT. iv. Relation of Josephus to Philo and Alexandrian Judaism. The alleged witness of Josephus to Christ. vi. Style. vii. Editions and Translations. Literature.
i, Lire.—Josephus, son of Matthias the priest, as he would be described by his countrymen,—or Flavius Josephus, to give him the name which he adopted out of gratitude for the benefits conferred on him by the Flavian emperors, — was born in the first year of the emperor Caligula, A.D. 37 or 38 (Vita, 5;* cf. Ant. xx. 267, where he identifies the thirteenth year of Domitian’s reign with the fifty-sixth of his own life). He was of priestly descent, his father’s line having been one of the noblest families, as he tells us, in the first of the twenty-four priestly courses; while on his mother’s side he was connected with the royal Hasmonean house (Vita, 2). So precocious was he in his studies, that at the age of fourteen, if we may believe him, his advice on questions concerning the Law was sought by the chief priests and principal citizens of Jerusalem. At the age of sixteen he determined to make trial of the three sects of his nation,—Pharisees, Sad- ducees, and Essenes,—and finally spent three years in the desert with one Banus, a hermit, who appears to have carried the ascetic practices of the last-named sect to an extreme. He returned to Jerusalem in his nineteenth year, and from that time adhered to the Pharisaic party, whose doc- trines have left their mark on many of his pages. At the age of twenty-six, about the year A.D. 63, he went to Rome to plead the cause of certain priests who had been imprisoned by Felix and sent to Italy to.be tried by the emperor. On this voyage, Josephus, like St. Paul a few years earlier, suffered shipwreck, but was picked up with some of his companions by a ship of Cyrene and brought safely to Puteoli. ‘There he fell in with Aliturus, a Jewish actor in favour at court. Through the influence of this man with Poppza, the shameless mistress and afterwards wife of Nero, who co- quetted with Judaism [Josephus’ remark, deocepins yap fv, Ant. XX. 195, implies that she was a prose- lyte], he obtained the release of the priests, and returned to Palestine laden with presents. The