3. COSMOLOGY, LEGENDS, ETO.—L. W. King, The Seven Tablets of Creation, or the Babylonian and Assyrian Legends concerning the Creation of the World and of Mankind (2 vols. London, 1902), latest and best translation based on the most complete collection of fragments of the various versions ; trans- lations of the Creation story, and of all the important legends, and of the Gilgamesh epic, are given in P. Jensen’s ‘Mythen und Epen’ (Schrader’s Keilinse: riftliche Bibliothek, vol. vi. 1st part, Berlin, 1900 ; 2nd part not yet published). Of funda- mental importance is the same author’s Kosmologie der Baby- lonier : Studien und Materialen (Strassburg, 1890), which marked the beginning of the systematic study of Babylonian cosmology. Cf. Friedrich Delitzsch, Das Babylonische Welt- schépfungsepos (Leipzig, 1896); Paul Haupt, Das Babylonische Nimrodepos (2 vols. Leipzig, 1891); Edward T. Harper, ‘Die Babylonische Legenden von Etana, Zu, Adapa, und Dibbarra’ in Beitriige zur Assyriologie, Bd. ii. pp. 390-521. See also the translations of selected texts (including Creation story, legends, etc.) in Assyrian and Babylonian Literature, ed. by R. F. Harper (New York, 1901), pp. 282-444. ;
4, LIFE AFTER DEATH.—Besides the chapters in the general works on the Babylono-Assyrian religion, cf. Alfred Jeremias, Die Babylonisch-Assyrischen Vorstellungen vom Leben nach dem Tode (Leipzig, 1887, 2nd ed. announced) ; and the same author’s ‘Hélle und Paradies bei den Babyloniern’ (Der Alte Orient, i. 8, Leipzig, 1900 ; 2nd ed. 1903).
5. GENERAL CHARACTER AND BEARINGS ON THE OLD THSTAMENT.—Out of the mass of literature on the subject, the following are intended to represent merely a selection that will serve as an introduction to the main phases of the subject: and of the problems involved :—Schrader’s Keilinschriften und das Alte Testwment 2, 1883 [English translation by 0. C. White- house, The Cuneiform Inscriptions and the Old Testament, London, 1885-1888], is still of value as a collection of material, though superseded for the Creation story by King’s work above referred to; the 3rd ed. of Schrader’s work (Berlin, 1902-1903), by Hugo Winckler and H. Zimmern, is an entirely new work— the first part embodying Winckler’s views of the bearings of Babylonian records on the Geography of Palestine and History of the Hebrews, which are based on theories and speculations that remain to be tested ; the second part being a most careful and valuable survey of the material for the study of the Babylonian religion by H. Zimmern, with constant reference to the certain and possible bearings both on the Old and the New Testament. See also Zimmern’s ‘ Babylonische und Biblische Urgeschichte ’ (Der Alte Orient, ii.2 Leipzig, 3rd ed. 1903) [also in English translation, The Babylonian and the Hebrew Genesis, London, 1901]. In connexion with Professor Fried. Delitzsch’s two lectures on Babel und Bibel, Leipzig, 1902-1903 [English translation by O. H. W. Johns, Babel and Bible, Edinburgh, 1903], cf. the monographs of Bezold, Die Babylonisch-Assyrischen Keilin- schriften und thre Bedeutung fur das Alte Testament (Tiibingen, 1904) ; Zimmern, Keilinschriften und Bibel (Berlin, 1903) ; O. F. Lehmann, Babyloniens Kultwrmission einst und jetzt (Leipzig, 1903) ; Alfred Jeremias, Im Kampfe wm Babel und Bibel (4th ed. Leipzig, 1903). For the Literature on the Excavations con- ducted in Babylonia and Assyria, and for general and special works on the History and general Culture, see the articles AssyRIA and BaByLoNrA in vol. i. of this Dictionary ; to the references*there given should now be added: R. W. Rogers, History of Babylonia and Assyria (New York, 1901), the most complete as yet published ; the shorter history of Geo. 8. Good- speed, History of Babylonia and Assyria (New York, 1902) ; and Winckler’s sketch in vol. iii. of Helmolt’s History of the World (English translation, New York, 1902]. For a general
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CODE OF HAMMURABI
CODE OF HAMMURABI
i ee
account of the Babylono-Assyrian culture, Bezold’s admirably written and profusely illustrated work, Ninive wnd Babylon (2nd ed. Leipzig, 1903), is to be highly recommended as super- seding Kaulen’s Assyrien und Babylonien, the 5th edition of which (Freiburg, 1899) is not brought down to date, and is therefore of little use; while, for the general Babylono- Assyrian Literature, Teloni’s manual, Letteratura Assira (Milan, 1903), may be mentioned as the latest survey of the field. Morris JASTRow, Jr.
CODE OF HAMMURABI.—
I. History AnD ANALYSIS.
i. DISCOVERY OF THE CODE.
ii. LITERATURE CALLED FORTH BY THE DISCOVERY. 1, Editio princeps of the Code. 2. Versions and notices.
iii. IMPORTANCE OF THE INSCRIPTION.
iv. EAMMURABIS LIFE AND kEIGN. 1. The sources. 2, Hammurabi’s genealogy.
oF nationality.
3 name.
a date, and the date of the monu- ment. Is Hammurabi the Amraphel of Gn 14? . Principal events of Hammurabi’s reign.
- Hammurabi’s letters. . Character of Hammurabi, and view of the mon- archy disclosed in the Code and the letters. . Extent of Hammurabi’s empire. v. SOCTAL GRADES RECOGNIZED IN THE CODE. 1. The aristocrat. 2. The commoner, 3. The slave. vi. CLASS LEGISLATION A FEATURE OF THE CODE. 1. Feudal landowners : (a) ‘levy-masters,’ (0) ‘con- stables,’ (c) ‘renters.’ . Votaries. . Palace warders. . Beer-sellers. - Doctors, veterinary surgeons, branders. . Builders and boatmen. vii. AGRICULTURE. 1. Systems of land tenure. 2. Agricultural loans. 8. Irrigation. 4. Wages and hire. 5. Flocks and herds. SHIPPING, AND TRADE AND COMMERCE. . The shipping trade. - Commerce, . Interest. - Debt and distraint. Sales, . Hire. ix. 74h TEMPLE. x. JUSTICE. 1. Procedure. . Judges. . Witnesses, . Parties. - Penalties. ; . Crimes and misdemeanours, xi. MARRIAGE, AND FAMILY LIFE. - Marriage a contract. Rights and responsibilities of parties, . Divorce. - Monogamy presupposed in the Code. - Votaries allowed to marry. . Bars to marriage, . Concubinage. - Case of a free woman marryi ng a slave. . Case of a girl vowed to a temple. - Parents and children. . Adoption. 11. Law of inheritance. II. THE Cope in extenso. II. Comparison or Tau CopE or HAMMURABI WITH THE BARLIEST HEBREW LEGISLATION. i, THE QUESTION STATED, AND THE DATA AVAILABLE FOR ANSWERING IT. - What is involved in influence. - Source of material. . Alternative views of likeness. - Common material : (a) customs, (b) enactments, ‘Babylonian’ influence progressive, . Parallels in method of codification, - Casuistic style, . Adaptation. . Primitive features in Hebrew law.