Th^
are dead." Further support for the rcailiiij; 'lambs' may per- haps be derived from Justin's casual description of Marcioiiites as lambs torn by wolves {ifni ri,>r,j>Tcc<r,u.itu, Apot. c 68).
i. Ponlfry were kept in Palestine in the time of our Lord, as is clear from the references to the cock (oKiKTup) and the hen (^/)^'^s). If we except the mention of cock-crow (see sep. art.) in .AIlc IS'*, the cock appears only in the story of Peters denial, and our Lord's prediction of it (Mt 26""'', Mk 14»W", Lk 22«'*'-, Jn IS** 18^''). The hen (gpKis) affords a simile in the lament over Jeru- salem. ' How often would I have gathered thy cliildren together, as a hen gatliereth her chickens (Lk. ')ier brood') under her wings ! ' (Mt 23", Lk 13"). The action by wliich the hen gives rest and protection to the chickens under the shelter of her wings is too well known to need comment. The tenderness of the .simile witnesses to the love of Jesus for His own countrjmien, and His longing to avert national disaster. The words used for 'chickens' and 'brood' {voaaiov and i'o<T<nd.) are found here only, though a word from the same root is employed in the i>lirase 'two young pigeons ' (voffo-oi'is irepiaTepCiv, Lk 2-''').
5. To the list of domestic animals we may add dogs and swine, which were cla-ssed together as unclean.
Dogs Ui-pfs) arc mentioned twice. In the Sermon (in the Mount the disciples are warned not to give that which is holy to dogs (Mt 7"). The pariah
dogs that infest Eastern towns, and liave to be cleared off periodically ■iWth poison, are ' a lean, mang}% and sinister brood,' acting as scavengers and living on offal. Naturally these animals do not possess a fastidious palate, and their manner of life is disgusting enough to justify the Jews' contempt for them. To calla man a dog is through- out the Bible a customary form of abuse. These wild dogs, says Tristram (Kat. Hist. p. 80), were the only dogs known in Palestine, with the excep- tion of the Persian greyhound ; and thou"h they could be trained enough to act as watch -dogs for the slieep-folds,* they hardly became companions to man [the dog of To 5" 11'' is altogether an excep- tional case]. To the Jew the dog wa.s a very fitting symbol of the man who had depraved his moral and spiritual taste by evil living. In the Didaclic, ' Give not that which is holy to dogs ' is interpreted to mean, Do not administer the Eucliarist to the unbaptized ; but the principle involved in the text is capable of Avider application. A Christian is not required to wear his heart on his sleeve ! In the parable of Dives and Lazarus it is said that these street-dogs came and licked the beggar's sores (Lk 16-'). This is an aggravation rather than an alleviation of Lazarus' suffering. It shows his destitute and defenceless condition, that he could not even keep the dogs away ! A diminutive form of Kvi.iv, viz. Kivdpiof, occurs in the story of the Syro-Phoenician woman. ' It is not right,' said the ]\iaster, ' to take the children's bread and cast it to dogs.' 'Yea, Lord,* replied the woman, 'yet the dogs eat of the crumbs that fall from their masters' table ' (Mt 15^'-, Mk 7-'^'). Bochart treats the diminutive Kvfdptov as doubling the contempt inherent in the word. But it is clear from the woman's reply that the dogs in question are kept within the house ; they are household pets. Tris- tram says that he found no difficulty in making a pet of a puppy taken from among the pariah dogs {Nat. Hist. p. 80). Probabljr the Kivapia. were which had been taken into Jewish house-
mi
as pets in a similar way. The word is not intended to add to the harshness of our Lord's saying ; the woman saw in it her ground for appeal.
Swine {x°Vos, not Cs) appear in the story of the Gadarene demoniac (Mt 8*"f-, Mk 5"ff-, Lk 8=--''). ' The fact that swine were kept in Palestine at all is evidence of the presence of the foreigner '(O. Holtzmann). Cf. Lv 11', Dt 148, j^ gji. The country on the east side of the Lake was much under Gentile influence. The Prodigal Son is put to tend swine. The nature of the task is evidence at once of the ditt'erence between his home and the far country, and of the want and degradation into which he "has fallen (Lk 15'") The only further reference to swine is the saying, ' Cast not your jjearls before swine' (Mt 1''), in which otir Lord emphasizes the necessity of tact in religious work.
ii. AViLD ANIMAL.S.— 1. Oriploy, the "eneral word for wild beast, is found in the Gospels only once. Mk 1" tells us that during the Temptation our Lord ■was with the wild beasts. Thomson says that 'though there are now no lions (in Palestine), wolves, leopards, and panthers still prowl about the ■wild -wajdya' {Land and Boo/c, 'Central Palestine,' p. 594). ' In the age of Jesus, the chief beast of prey in Pn|p>tine Nsa-<. a.s to-day, the jackal. -Mark's aiMition iii.li. .Ucs Jesus' complete .sever- ance from human ^"(i..ty'(U. Holtzmann, i{/6 o/" Jesus, p. 1431.).
The word fti;/»» is now to be found in the second of the Ave new Sa\in^ recently recovered by ilessr3. Grenfell and Hunt ; •The birds of the air and whatever of the beasts are on the earth or under it are they who draw us into the kingdom.'