PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels — Volume 1
James Hastings · 1,289,916 words · 1288 reading sections
Section 1
^v^lOSANCflfXy. ^^^lllBRARYOr ^^^MIBBARYO/: i^TfcS f i!!T f f uj; m\ vm is5 iU!7f Ii-=^l ilJ(7l il^ WE UNIVERJ//i. ^lOSANCElfj]^, jr?* 2^ :t .ii]DNVSov<^' '^^/ia3AiNiiit\v^ ''-^omuw^ ^-^omim^ ^ifiUDNvsr 'I II .KlOSANGEli;r.,> ■<rjijoNvsoi^ ^Aa3AiNn3WV^ '^OAavaaiH'^ NtUBRARYO/r ^tUBRARY<7/^ ^^WE■UNIVERJ•/A ^^t…
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The subject is inexhaustible. It has not been exhausted in this work. Perhaps the most that has been done is to show how great Christ is. Many scholars have rendered valuable assistance. In addition to the services of Dr. Selbie and Dr. Lambert, the Editor desires especially to acknowledge those of Professor Howard Os…
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und Kirche. §PP = Queen's Printers' Bible. PP = Re\'ue Bibliqiie. REJ= Revue des Etudes Juives. .BP=Records,of the Past. .B5'= Religion' of the Semites. i'P£= Sacred Books of the East. S£Or= Sacred Books of Old Test .S'A''=Studien imd Kritiken. i'P = Sinai and Palestine. 6' IKP= Memoirs of the Survey of W. Palestine. …
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Rector of Seapatrick, Banbridge, Co. Down. Rev. James O. Hannay, M.A., Rector of Augh- aval, Westport, Co. Mayo. Rev. Charles Harris, D.D., Vicar of Claverley, Wolverhampton, late Lecturer in Theology in St. David's College, Lampeter. Rev. John Herkless, D.D., Professor of Church History in the University of St. An…
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W. Taylor Smith, M.A., Sevenoaks, Kent. Rev. Harry Herbert Snell, B.A., Reading. Late Rev. J. Soutar, M.A., Tiberias, Palestine. Alexander Souter, M.A., Litt.D., Yates Pro- fessor of New Testament Exegesis in Mansfield College, Oxford. Rev. W. B. Stevenson, B.D., Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Introduction i…
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Thus Christ may well be spoken of as the second Adam, but not as a second Aaron. The lines of Bishop Wordsworth's hymn, ' Now our heavenly Aaron enters, Through His blood within the veil,' can be defended onlv in so far as the name Aaron is synonymous with high priest. The personal name suggests just those limitations …
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Syriac, however, appears to read ■ ■ ^] ?»y Father (see below). The Curetonian Syriac is wanting here. 2. We have next to account for the association of 'A,3^a in its Greek dress with 6 xar^p in all the three places where it occurs in NT. In Mk 14^' the Peshitta reads . . ^"j fi") ' Father, my Father,' and the Sina…
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ABEL ('73n, "A/3eX).— 1. The name occurs in the Gospels only in Mt 23"^^ || Lk IP', where Jesus declares that the blood of the prophets will be required of this generation. The passage is one of a series of invectives against Pharisaism, col- lected in Mt 23, parts of which are preserved in Lk 11. 13. 14. 20. 21. Abel …
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A. H. M'Neile. that thou ■ herbs. For it is said that Mind to see and the lame t ' spi; oil tL.jIrsi those afflicted with lingering di'seases', and also (li:il tli.ni i:i:-rsl the dead. And having hcivrd all these things roiir.rnini; tliic. I have concluded that one of two things must be true : either thou art God…
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{The Doct. of Addai the Apostle, with an English Translation and Notes, by G. Phillips, London, 1876). The Syriae document contains the story of the portrait, which was probably already current in the time of Eusebius. The Syiiac version of the story given by Cureton in his Ancient Syriae Documents seems to be an elabo…
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Students who desire to get at the full meaning of verb or noun will find all that is needful in the etymological paragrapli sub voc. n4vw in the larger edition of Liddell and Scott's Greek Lexicon. They will discover how rich in language product is the root of this word. The inquiry cannot be pursued further here. It i…
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2. The Abiding of Christ in the Church, (u- in the individual believer. — Our Lord's teaching as to the Abiding in Him refers even more closely to the Church than to the individual. Jn 14 and 15 are penetrated through and through by Pente- ABIJAH ABOMINATIOX OF DESOLATION* costal tliouglit ami Pentecostal exjiectati…
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ABILENE. — Mentioned in Lk 3' as the district of which Lysanias was tetrarch in the 15th year of Tiberius. It was called after its capital Abila, situated on the Barada, about 18 miles from Dam- ascus, and represented by the modem village of Suk. The identity of Siik Avith Abila is confirmed by' a Roman rock-inscriptio…
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2 1v 23'-', Ezk o'l); (<■) that there was among the Jews a tradition to the ellect that Jerusalem would be destroyed if their own hanils should pollute the Temple of God {eav xeipes oi/,e?ai Trpo/iidvwo-i t4 toD e^ov T(/j.ivos, Jos. BJ IV. VI. 3) person I nt i m(A-«a-^^ „) m \ ,t] in /j» ^ Ti i l')05, p 47J t t The H…
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3. But, as has been already suggested, in using these and all similar terms, it is iiii|i(irlant to bear in mind their inadequacy and limitations. Not merely has theology suffered to an extent that is little realized, but the spiritual life of thousands has been impoverished through a tenacious clinging to an order of …
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The expression ' Abraham's bosom ' (Lk 10") or ABRAHAM ABSOLUTIOlSr 'bosoms' (v.-')* is liardly to be understood as con- veying the idea of an eminent or unusual degree of happiness. It is practically equivalent to ' Para- dise.' And tlie new condition of blessedness in which Lazarus finds himself is pre-eminent onl…
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Later Hebrew literature discussed especially this aspect of his character, and the historical view was superseded by the ethical or theological. Cf . , for example, Pirke Aooth v. 4, of the ten testings or trials (ni]VD:)'of Abraham, and Taylor, in loc; 'Testament of Abraham,' ed. M. R. James, Texts and Studies, ii. 2.…
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The Lord is concerned not only that men be for- iriven, but that His disciples should know tliat they are forgiven. The grace of forgiveness lias not its pi-oper power in transforming their lives unless they know that tliey have it. As long as men are under fear and doubt they are not Christ's freemen : their religion …
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iliL NT age there . 1 ir h This rculn i, 1 Ken of IS the I declared bj 111 h onU in so 1 1 tpibcopatc, and, sho]> of Rome a d 440), Liinmiiniijin pastor ind people spoken b\ the ininist r F ir tmi f n 1 III liilc^aidtu tilt \n,l i absolution 01 leniibbioii ot s iis 1 alone, the people still kneehii^ clamatio…
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LiTEEATrRE.— The Commentaries on the passages above cited ; the art. 'Abyss' in Hastings' BBandin t\\e Entile. Biblica. George "C. Watt. ACCEPTANCE. The state or relation of being in favipur. c^prcially witli God. It is a common OT coufi^ption that has been carried over into the NT. In the former it has both a ceremon…
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1. Ro S^ 'Through whom we have also [raf, 'copulat et auget' (Toletus), 'answering almost to our " as might be expected " ' (Alf.)] got [^(Tx^fa/xei/] our [t^v] access (introduction) by our [t^] faith, into tliis grace wherein we stand.' The Perfect tense is used in connexion with that justifying act re- ferred to in v…
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Confusion has been created by expositors in- sisting that 'access' must, in the three passages where the word occurs, always mean either intra- ditction, or liberty of approach exclusively. But the larger concept, 'introduction,' includes the lesser, ' liberty of approach.' To put it in another way — the latter term fo…
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(4) This is the special work of Christ. He bridges the gulf which sin has created between God and man. We have access into the grace of justifica- tion through the redemption that is in Christ Jesus, wliom God hath set forth to be a propitia- tion through faith in His blood (Ro 3=«- ^S). The double alienation from God …
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The term 'accommodation' may be defined as thr ].rineipl,. or huv Hccor.lin;:To which G„d adapts ills S,. If-r,. V,. lat iu„ 1.. tin- ,:,|K,ciliu>.-iiKlIii,iitaliuns earliest c)ii\vanls,"ll,is S.'lt iv\ ,.|;,'( i,„r ,'if (;,„| has been made, and has its own .h.ir.ird 1 1,| i, frai ims. Between the time when www cunr, …
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One incidental reference to this period of Jesus' life in the Synoptic narrative further deepens the impressiveness of this self-humUiation. St. Mark relates that on the occasion of one of His visits to Nazareth (Mk 6') His teaching was met by His fellow-townsmen wAth the scornful question, ' Is not this the carpenter?…
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His arch-foe was about to recommence — 'The prince of the world (i -rai x<,i7Lu,v ipx"'. J" 14™) is (now) coming' (cf. 121). When His arrest, following upon His betrayal, was about to become an accomplished fact. He recognized the return of the spirit of evil, and that the return was with power (.i iiiii(r,^ -roD «»T»M…
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tone of His iciiiaik to llj, n The words iy ruls roO irar,.., profoundly He was ijupii'ss. His Divine Sonship ; ,-ind, « were the outconie of Ills thought underlying much of the langiiage'of tl <H . In repelhug tlie Satanic attacks of the Temp tation He reveals to us a mind steeped in tlu I I he temple. ■y-') s…
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However mysterious the conclusion at which we are forced to arrive may be, and however incon- sistent the different parts of our Christological system may appear, it is necessary for us candidly to accept this self-revelation of Jesus as being strictly in accord with His personal consciousness, and, moreover, as being …
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iii. Jesus' activity as Teachek.— (n) When we look at the position of Teacher occupied by Jesus, we not merely see Him assuming tacitly to be the ultimate authority upon the ethical value of OT laws, and giving instruction from that standpoint suitable to the receptive powers of His hearers, we are also confronted with…
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(a) In these passages we are able to observe a double object in the teaching of Jesus about two distinct contemporary beliefs. As we have seen, there was a current belief, existent amongst the best religious thought, in the resurrection of the dead. This was, however, intimately connected with Jewish hopes as to the fu…
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From Himself n' I ■ ion noted by the SjTioptists as t i . r |il=.Mk I'S, Lk 22«);andHein I —e services when light be somewhat pergonal ^ i'-'j. .A <-oiiip:iii,son of one pair ■■-■ ■ ,-. in which It Ihe Son ..while in Kwi uie > >ii .'I M-.iu also confess >iii tiiij ii would ui.pear that'the iionvm for tliu Sacred …
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On the other hand, signs are not wanting that Jesus recognized an essential difterence between the casting out of demons and the curing of bodily disease— 'I cast out demons and perform cures' (Lk 13^2, cf. Mt 108, Mk 6i3_ l]- 91 gni.). gt. Matthew, moreover, records the same distinction IB his account of the early Gal…
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ACCOMMODATION ACCOMMODATION Shalt go down to Hades.' The idea was that a complete moral and spiritual overthrow awaited her, -whereas she might have enjoyed the full and lofty freedom characteristic of the atmosphere of God's presence (see Mt ll=3 = Lk 10''). The expression 'gates of Hades ' (Mt 1618) is similarly f…
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(^) The same trait is observable in His refer- ences to the anthropological ideas of His time ; but for the illustration of this we must refer the reader to artt. Flesh, Heart, Soul, Spirit. iv. The attitude of Jesus towards the Me-ssianic expectations of His time. — A dis- cussion of the question of Jesus' attitude t…
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(2) In the same way, it seems to the present writer, we are to interpret the reference to the authorship of Ps 110 (Mt 22*i-'= = Mk 12»5-3? = Lk 20"-"). There were three distinct ideas current about this Psalm which Jesus adopts as the groundwork of His argument : (i.) it was Davidic, (ii.) it was written by David unde…
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ACCOMMODATION ACTIVITY tliat He, in solemn and almost sad forelKidinir. warned His followers of the events which wnr soon to try His own fidelity to tlie cause whidi llr so constantly and fearlessly championed, and which were to put their faith to a most cruel test. We are indebted to the writer of the Fourth Gospel …
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de Ji'siis-Cluisf ; T. II. Wn-li Lehn-Jis,,, i;ii-. tr. (T. \- T. r the XT; V.nvv, Thi lliualUali .Inly liiui); Faiiu Vol. of DB; R. Davidson, 'Angel in vol. i., and *Sai Tlie rc'idi-r is al • §§ ■■.-«, by barles. The 1 are useful ACCUSATIONS.— See Trial (of Je.sus). ACHIM ('Axfi».— An ancestor of Joseph, accord- i…
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ACTS OP THE APOSTLES.-The aim of this article is to answer the question. What does the Acts of the Apostles say of Chri.st?; otherwise ex- pressed. How is the Book of Acts related to ' the gospel ? ' or. What is ' the gospel ' of the Acts ? We do not know the name of the author of the book — iple of St. Paul ;u])plied…
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But who now is the . I inline and Sa\ionr accredited by the resurrection ? It is very characteristic of our author that in those passages where for the most part it is himself that speaks, e.g. in the speeches put into the mouth of St. Paul before Agrippa or Felix or Festus (chs. 22. 23), we scarcely hear of the earthl…
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But it may be asked. Was Jesus then nothing more than this to the earliest disciples, was He not to them the Messiah ? In a certain sense— yes, and in another sense — no. Certainly He had received the kingly anointing (10^) ; but, as David was anointed long before lie received the kingdom, so Jesus was from the time of…
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(225ff.3Jf. 411.25!. 8ra.l333ff.)_ The resurrection is not in these passages, as with St. Paul, regarded as a clothing of the Risen One with a glorified body, but as tlie revivification, or, to put it better, the conservation of the very same body of flesh which was laid in the grave. The principle that governs the co…
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It has been suggested that St. Paul adopted the designation of Christ as ' the last Adam ' and ' the second Adam' from Uabbinic theology. But such a comparison between Adam and the Messiah was unknown to the earlier Jewish teachers. Passages adduced to support it belong to the Middle Ages, and are influenced by the ^fa…
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tice of divorcing their wives I.-- umIuioh . according to every man's foolish ,,v iiaiiLhi\ \mII ' (Lightfoot, Hm: Heb. et Talm^nl. ,,,/ .\li 12--'). it is not necessary, however, in the ini irinctation of His teaching in this and similar plar. ,~ lo insist on such .-i view of His words. Thf ciitiic liody of till' rcc…
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According to the laws of the ancients, those "of adultery were to be put to death, whether burning (Gn SS--") or by stoning (Jn 8^, cf. Dt 22=3"'-, Lv 20'", Ezk IS"'^-). This punishment was not, however, universally prescribed; for where the woman was a slave, and consequently not the owner of her own person, the man w…
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At all periods of the history of Christian teach- ing, differences of opinion have existed within the Church as to the practical application of Jesus' words concerning adultery, divorce, and remar- riage. These ditt'erences have been stereotyped in the Eastern and Western branches of the Catlmlir Church. The former tak…
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LiTERATiRK.-Xiwm.in Smyth's Cfirhtian Ftlii.-s^ rontains a subject I 'I of the latter worl; 'ThuTea.'! Jiilv I'Jiil. If. ;i1n. II. .M. Luckock'si(/6(u)-i/(i/JI/umayi;(Wa4), ami (1. 1). \Vatkiii,-i' lluly Matrimony (\Sib). J. R. Willis. ADYENT."Tn its primary application tlie term is used to denote the first visibl…
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\vith the great period of 1 1 liile the scope of the ancient promise is \m 1 I lonal and tem poral limitations to embi a i i i I I litttocome Meanwhile the sciibcs wi u at \\oik, hardening the Messianic itlea into scholastic toiin, and re ducing the poetic hanouage and bold imagery of the prophets to dogmatic statem…
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3. The national unrrst of the pc7-iod.— The Jewish people, fretting under political depression, bad flung themselves with impassioned eagerness on the hope that the long-desired Messiah and His kingdom must be drawing nigh. It was even thought by many that He was hidden somewhere in oliscurity, only waiting for a more …
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the Parables ; Bruce, The Parabolic nini. of .Meyer, Alford, Bengel, etc.; w "./ '/■ .\ /', p. 175ff. ; Beyschlag, , 11, . I. Holtzmann, ZeArfrucA , \\ ■ i:^*acker. Apostolic Age, I riitianity,i.76B. H. H. CURRIE. ADVOCATE (TapdKXrrros). — A term applied to Christ in 1 Jn 2' (AV and RV ; RVm 'Or Coth- fortcr ox …
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3. Ewald and Hengstenberg prefer Shilhim (LXX 2e\ec//i) in the extreme soutli of Judiea, mentioned (Jus 15'=) in connexion with Ain. Godet says (If n,! .Ill jivrii for John's baptizing in yEnon would I :, I : lorce as applied to a generally ^^'at'ii i,l,,- the southern extremity of Jutlali il, : i: I , :, I. 'lence Wer…
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AGE. — The word ' age ' is a vague term, as may be seen by its doing duty as a possible translation for aiJiv (Lat. cevum, an unmeasured period of existence), for yevii. (Lat. gcneratio), and even for the more precise and exact terms xp^""^ (Lat. tcmpus), and Kai.p6s (Lat. occasio). Its strictest Greek equivalent, howe…
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The key to the meaning of iiXcKla in Lk 2^- may Mt 26'9. ' 0 my Father, if it be possible, It were great drops of " ground.' * Jesus con- let this cup pass away from nevertheless not as I will, as thou wilt.' * (X** '^'' «iT^* r,>.IX4r.v ' AuMffi. I Mt 627, Lk 1225. II Lk 193, cf. Eph 415. ♦• Mk 6«, Lk 8«. tt Lk…
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ship in every step of His path, that it was impos- sible for Him to fear that the great purpose of His life would bo left unfulfilled on account of His premature death. His rebuke of tlie ' little faith ' (Mt 8^") of His disciples during tlie storm at sea would have been applicable to Himself had He cherished any such …
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(jod was so o\ersliadowed and overwhelmed by His consciousness of the sin and the consequent curse of the race which He so loved as to make Himself one with it, that He dreaded in Geth- semane to lose, and did on Calvary lose for a moment, the comfort and help of His Father's love. In this experience He exhibited the a…
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The Mosaic legislation presupposes a people given to agricultural pursuits. That is suffi- ciently attested by the laws anent the three annual festivals (Ex 23'^-'^), the septennial fallow (23"), the gleanings of the harvest held (Lv 19"- '°), the year of Jubilee (2o'»'f- 27""'-), and many others. Further attestation o…
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40 AGRICULTURE AKELDAMA natural >anil flimatic influences as drought, east wind, and mildew. Some of these will be separ- ately treated, and need not be dwelt upon now. But it may be convenient to say a few words at this stage regarding— {/) The water supphj of the country. — Unlike Egj'pt, which owed its fertility…
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The sifted grain was collected in large heaps, and, pending its removal to the granary, the owner, to guard against thieving, slept by the threshing-floor (Ru 3'). In the Gospels there is one reference to sifting (Lk 22^'). (A-) Storage. — In the js'T a gianary is called amd-iiKri (Mt &^ IS**, Lk 12'8- ^). In the OT q…
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The evidence, then, points to the following con- clusions. The field which was purchased with the wages of Judas was originally a 'potter's field,' or pit, in the neighbourhood of Jerusalem. It may have been (as Christian tradition liad it afterwards) the place in the Valley <>i Hiiiiium where the potter of Jereiiii.ii…
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In the case of Rufus, however, it has generally been considered that he is probably the same as the Rufus wlio, with his mother, is saluted by St. Paul in Ro 16'^ ('PoO^o^ t'ov iKXeKrbv iv Kvpiu,). And if this is so, it tells us that not only the sons of Simon of CjTene, but his wife also, were members of the Church. L…
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Other notices, though less clirect, are worth con- sidering, e.g. our Lord's injunction to the Twelve, 'Freely ye have received, freely give' (Mt 10'); His own compassionate feeding of the hungry multitudes (Mt 14'« 15*=, Mk 6" 8», Lk 9'*) ; His rebuke of the Rabbis' nile, that when sons had rashly or selfishly taken t…
960 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1906–1908); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.