2. Some outstanding phrases in the NT termi- nologj- deserve special mention. The expression ' Son of JIan ' occurs first in Daniel (I")- From here, if the now predominant pre-Christian dating of the Book of Similitudes (Etli. En 37-71) be correct, it is adopted into tliat work, and this usage serves as the bridge of connexion between Daniel and Jesus, who treats this term constantly as His own title. Closely associated with this title is the phrase 'Head of Days' (Eth. En 47^ 48-"*), as applied to God. Other phrases of this class are the 'Day of Judgment,' the 'Great Day of Judgment ' (Eth. En 19' 22^"").
3. Quotations fi-om apocalyptic books are not very common in the NT. The most familiar is that in Jude '^'- from Eth. En 1". Jiide^ is also a quotation from the Assumption of Moses (Charles, fcstatnent of Moses). The book is not named here, and the quotation is identified by ancient writers to whom this apocalypse was familiar. But coin- cidences of phraseology, suggesting quotations either of one from the other or of both from a com- mon source, are quite frequent (cf. Charles, Book of Enoch, pp. 42-49 ; Apocalypse of Baruch, pp. Ixxvi-lxxix ; Book of the Secrets of Enoch, pp. xxii, xxiii ; Assumption of Moses, pp. 113; ahso Sinker, Tcsfniucnt", XH Patriarcharum, pp. 209- 210). Sciiiii- lit llir-.- |i;ii,illi-li^ins must be ascribed to the iiatui- m; tl,.' ihc-ujlit expre.ssed, which perhap- woul.l im.i .nlmn, ,,i at least would not easily lend it-i li lu wry ditVerent phraseology ; but in a large number the coincidence can occur only where literary affiliation of some kind exists.
4. The most important point of contact, however, is that in subject-matter. And here it is no mere point of contact that we have to note, but a large and free adoption of the forms worked out by the apocalyptists. To undertake a list would be to repeat the summary given above of the apoi^alyptic tlieology. The simjilest way to de.scribe the rela- tion is to say that Je.sus and the writers of the NT found the forms of thought made use of in apo-
" This does not mean, however, that there are not in the fundamental matters sharp contrasts between the KT and the apocalypses. The New Testament is the New Testament. Its originality is beyond question.
calyptic literature convenient vehicles, and have cast the gospel of God's redemptive love into these as into moulds. The iMessianisui of the apo- calyptists has thus become unfolded into the Christology of the NT. The theocratic judgment has passed into the universal ethical discrimination between individuals according to the deeds done in the body. Other doctrines, such as angelology and deraonology, have likewise been used as the vehicles of great eternal verities.
3. Solutions of some questions which St. Paul faced are proposed in some of the apocalypses (notably 4 Ezr and Syr. Bar). These are often as different as they can possibly be. Whether they are meant to be a secret form of attack on Chris- tianity or simply independent ways of aiiproacliing the same subjects, they are of the utmost import- ance. In the first case, they throw light on the growth of Christian belief and the manner of tlie polemic waged against it. In the latter, they illustrate the nature of the setting in which the gospel found itself as soon as preached.
LiTEBATi-KE.— Besides the special works (referred to above) on the individual npocah-psc?. the folInwin_- rnmprehensive works may he i-nn^.lltfd •-i;fr„r,r l)„< .h,i, ,h,u„1,,-t ,t. HcUf, 1838; HilL'iMif' M, .' ' I ! J«da!OT-ijin, 1S69; DriiiLii 1, ' Jiid. Apok.'in ZA'l'» ' -'/in, 1S91 ; Thom- son. l:.~. ■ - ; :l . Apnstks, 1891 ;
dela\c, i.^,-. -Ij .... ,^..... ., _.. . ', !>^-- Ayifichnst
[Eng.tr. liy Ke.alie, Isn6], anrl tin- ^ ' ni^ariouj
Johannis, 1896, Die Ret. d. Jiideii lu i inkal
1903; Charles, Etchatology, Heb,,- -JiVin,
1899; Schiirer, C^f', ISnS, iii. ; M - Apoca-
lliptks. lS9a: \Ve!lhii!=o!., S(-,-?.'. .. 'i; Volz,
Jiid. Eschalot'"}" . i-:; 1;, ).i ' -i' i. ' -h-Apo-
kati/ptifchen Ih^ > .: - the 3rd
ed. of his *>//,.' ■ i Kennedy,
The Eschatolofiu , ' / .' i ■■ i ; M n i. j. i, //• I.- i,.,i.,luriiiof Jems, 1904 ; artitk, I.., Liiaiics in ll.i-lii.„.-, iJlj ai.a iji E'licyc. Biblica ; Porter, Mcssaijei vj the Apucalf/jiHeal n'riters, 1905.
A. C. Zenos.
APOCRYPHA.— This term is here used for those Jewish writings included in the Gr., Lat., and Eng. Bibles to which the title is commonly applied, i.e. the Biblical Apocrypha. For the literary history and characteristics of the Apocrypha see Hastings' DB, vol. i. s.v. 'Apocrypha.' The relation of the Apocrypha to Christ and Christianity, which is the subject of this article, comes especially under four heads — the Messianic idea, the doctrine of Wisdom, the anticipation of Christian doctrines other than that of the Person or mission of Christ, the use of the Apocrypha in the Christian Church.
i. The Messianic Idea.— While this idea is luxuriantly developed in Apocalyptic literature, it is singularly neglected in most of the Apocrypha. The stream of prophecy which ran clear and strong in the OT became turbid and obscure in those degenerate successors of the prophets, the Apoca- lyptic visionaries. But it was in the line of the prophetic schools of teaching that the Jlessianic idea was cherished. Accordingly the treatment of the later .-.taue of that teaching as erratic and un- autliMriiati\ e. not lit for inclusion in the Canon, invohril the reMilt that the remaining more sober literature, wliieli was reioj;nized as nearer to the standard of Scripture, antl in Egyjjt included in the later canon (at all events as in one collection of sacred books), was for the most part associated with those schools in which the Messianic hope was not cultivated. Therefore it is not just to say that this hope had faded away or suffered temporary obscurity during the period when the Apocrypha was wntten, the truth being that it was then more vigorous than ever in certain circles. But these circles were not those of our Old Testa- ment Apocrypha. Thus the question is literarj- rather than historical. It concerns the editing of certain books, not the actual life and thought of Israel.