the word from the cross, ' It is accomplished ' (Jn IQ'"). Surely the prophet went not amiss when he spoke of Him as the great' Ebhedh Jahiveh (ni.T nnj;). (4) According to our Lord, the great executive of the Godhead is the Holy Spirit. It belongs to another article (see HoLY Spirit) to unfold His doctrine of the Holy Spirit. But we may, without intruding into that discussion, call attention to like Jn 3"f- W^ i6"-i3ff- 20=='-, Ac l^'-*.
terature bearing formally upon the teach- inji^s of Christ concerning authority in religion is very much scattered and somewhat meagre. We must content ourselves, therefore, with mentioning some works and articles that deal with the question of authority in religion without treating specifically of the teachings of our Lord upon this point. Dr. .Tames Martineau's The Seat of Aidhoritif in RclUjion is still the first in its class. (Dr. Martineau denies, of course, the existence of any external authority in religion ; and supports his conten- tion with an acuteneas and vigour that still remain not only unsurpassed, but wholly unequalled by any who have given iii their adhesion to his general position) More recent works re presenting substantially Dr Martineau s view but adding little ■ ' maybe called his historical and nothing whate\er to
by Prof. George A Coe Prof Sabaticr ii 1 Di t e 1 oth cH m
tile support of Christ for their positio ! I 1 1 f Sal at is
presentation of the teach n^s of Chri i
completeness but m cogency and Pr f 1
near beii „ n ere caricature For an ( )
opposite \ lew of the general subiect tl i
to Stantoi The PI lilt
Belief, Dale P
mobatm Oma I /
in the ChuiLh a 1
losophy of Auth ;/
Hibbert Journal j
Theology by Prof L F n i f 1 1 I
Reformtd Rli eu July lb It 4 tl r
Henry Collin Mmton ib April 19U
besides the al\\a\s valuable matter fr s
a number of useful leferences and e\tr
W M MPlILLlLl^
AYARICE.— See CovETOU&NJiSS
AYE MARIA.— This well-known devotion of the Latin Church is based upon the salutations ad- dressed to the Virgin Mary by the angel Gabriel and by Elisabeth the mother of John the Baptist (Lk l'^- •*-). Its earlier and shorter form follows closely the words of Scripture, with the addition only of the names ' Mary ' and ' Jesus ' ; ' Hail (Mary), full of grace; blessed art thou among women, and blessed is the fruit of thy womb (Jesus).' As thus recited, it cannot be called a prayer, but may be considered either as a memorial of thanksgiving for the Incarnation ; or as one of those devotional apostrophes of departed saints which are found even in the writings of the Chris- tian Fathers and in early Christian inscriptions.
The use of the.4ne ATfO'ia in the fi.xed liturgical services of the Latin Church is of comparatively late origin. Its devotional use is, however, much older : it is even said to be traceable as far back as the 7th century. In the 14th cent, it is found in the popular handbooks of devotion. The Mirror of our Lady (first half of tlie 15th cent.) alludes to it as forming part of the preliminary prayers said privately by the worshipper before the office began. An interesting example of its use is given by Maskell (Monumenta Ritualia, ii. 71 ). The founda- tion statutes of the Abbey of Maxstoke in the reign of Edward ill. order its recital daily.
But the Ave was not definitely placed in the offices of the Breviary until the 16th cent. ; and curiously enough by the liturgical reformer. Car- dinal Qiiignonez. In the present Roman Breviary, dating from Pope Pius v. (1568), it is directed to be said with the Lord's Prayer at the beginning of each office, and after Compline.
The pre-Keformation Ave was usually the shorter and Scriptural form as given above. But as it stands now in the Breviary, it ends with a direct
160
AWE
prayer addressed to the Virgin, said to date from the middle of the 15th cent. : ' Holy Mary, mother of God, pray for us sinners, now and in tte hour of our death.'
It is fair to remember that, wliatever lines the devotions to Mary ultimately followed, they were, in their original intention, I'lniloubtedly devotions to Christ. Like the titl.- ///../„/,, v, sanctioned by the Tliird CEcumenical ( t,iunil (ICjiliesus 431), they were intended to safeguard and emphasize the true humanity of Christ. Not only was Christ perfect God, but He was truly conceived and born of a human mother, so that the Son of Mary is indis- solubly God and man in one person. The devotions addressed to His mother were therefore a com- memoration of the intimate union between the Godhead and human nature, of which union Mary was both the willing instrument and the sign.
Literature.— Addis and Arnold, A. Catholic Dictionary, 189V ; Wright and Neil, A Protestant Dictionary, 1904 ; Bodington, Boots of Devotion, 1903 ; Procter, A Histori/ of the Book of Common Prayer, 1884 ; Maskell, Monnmenta Ritualia, 1846 ; the Breviarium Momanum; The Hours of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Preface), Percival & Co. 1892; Beiigel, Meyer, and Alford on Lk 1&. A. K. WhitHAM.