finally solved. For that the new brotherhood has been created. Only the fresh vision of the Father's love, the surrender to the Saviour's Cross, and the appropriation of the Spirit's power will in- spire, fit, and equip it for the holy task to which God summons.
' " ' ■' ..■,•! 'Li. lings
'"'■■ "' ^1 ' ■'■■■ ■"' - . ' ■'.■• "' '■/..:,/ .' , , Mil . -iirrially
lV-ul..>,l.r.^./..'".s (-/-,»< ami Ihv ,.,«■„,/ i,„cM,nn ; .Matht-ws' The Social Teachinij oj Jeaua ; and TulaLoi, pu6t>lm.
J. H. Farmer. BROTHERLY LOYE.— See Brotherhood and Love.
BUFFETING In Mt 26"' and Mk H"" this word
(Gr. Ko\at/>lioj) is used to describe the ill-treatment received by Christ in the house of the high priest after His condemnation was pronounced. The crowd present seems to have participated in inflict- ing this personal indignity. St. Mark, with his usual attention to details, notices that the officers received Him with blows of their hands. /coXa^ifu carries the significance of a blow with tlie clenched fist (K(i\a0os, 'a fist'). It vividly represents the brutal manual violence to which our Lord was sub- jected. The word also came to imply a meaning of general ill-usfige or persecution, and, as such" occurs in 1 Co 4", 2 Co 12' ('a thorn in the flesh, a messenger of Satan to bufi'et me '), 1 P 2-" ; cf. — ' A man that fortune's buffets and rewards Hath ta'en with equal thanks.'
—Hamlet, Act ni. So. ii.
W. S. Kerr. BUILDING {ohoSo/j.'n, 3 times ; olKoSofie'ip , 23 times in the Gospels).—!. Literal.— The lifetime of Jesus nearly coincides with the period which was un- doubtedly the golden age of building in Palestine. The Herods, with their ' Napoleonic passion for architecture,' eclipsed in this respect even the fame of Solomon, and left their mark in all parts of the country in the shape of palaces, fortresses, theatres, and a variety of splendid structures, some serving a useful purpose (as the great harbour at Ctesarea), but many arising merely out of a love of pomp and display. Herod the Great had begun his extensive work of rebuilding the Temple at Jerusalem nine- teen years before the Christian era, and the work was still in progress at the time of Christ's final visit to the city (Mt 24'- 2, Mk 13'-, Lk 2P-«). Herod Antipas began the foundations of his am- bitious new city of Tiberias sliortly Iipfoie .lesus emerged from the obscurity of Nazaivtli ; and I'ilate was engaged, during the publii niiiii-liy c.i .lesus, in constructing an elaborate a(|iuilu( t Im Jeru- salem. It is certain that, whercvtjr Jusus went. He would hear the sound of hammer and chisel ; He would observe the frequent construction of a class of building hitherto little favoured in His country, such as hippodromes, baths and gymnasia (Jos. Ant. XV. viii. 1) ; and would notice the adop- tion of a style of architecture foreign to Jewish tradition.
It was not only Herodian princes, Roman mag- nates, and well-to-do proselytes (see Lk 7^) who lavished large sums on buildings. Wealthy Jews seem to have spent fortunes in erecting luxurious mansions in the Grseco-Roman style. Jesus men- tions this eagerness for building as one of the Eassions which preoccupied His generation, and ;d Him to compare it with the materialist and pleasure-seeking age in which Lot lived (Lk 17'-"). He gives a vivid description of a prosperous farmer designing ampler store-houses on his estate (Lk 12'"). In another passage He probably alludes to some actual instance of the building-mania over-
240
BUILDING
BURDEN
reaching itself, when He describes the tower left half finished for lack of funds (Lk 14-^). In His denunciation of the Pharisees who ' build the sepulchres of the prophets, and garnish the tombs (livriiieia) of the righteous' (Mt 23^), He refers per- haps to the growing practice, unknown in the pre- Grecian period, begun, it seems, in Maccab;ean times, and now become a dilettante cult, of erect- ing monumental tombs ' reared aloft to the siglit ' (1 Mac 13'^), as distinguished from the simple rock- he^vn tombs of former days.* See ToMB.
O. Holtzmann {Life of Jesxts, p. 100 f.) suggests a special reason for the frequent references which Jesus maizes to build- ing operations. He calls attention to the fact that the handi- craft in which He had been brought up was one of the building trades. It is usual, indeed, to describe Him as ' the carpenter' (Mk 63), and the passage is often cited in which Justin Martyr iTrypho, 88) represents Him as 'making ploughs and yokes.' But Justin Martyr is quoting nothing more than a popular tradition, and there is no reason for limiting the term r^xraiv to a worker in wood. There was hardly the division of Labour at Nazareth that exists among our own mechanics. The epithet TixTuv has probably not less significance than the term * car- penter ' as used in Hamlet, v. i. 46—' What is he that builds stronger than either the mason, the shipwright, or the carpenter?', where it indicates one who has to do with the construction of buildings. We may say that there is good reason to conclude that Jesus was Himself a builder, and that He understood at least the art of ordinary house-construction, though it can hardly be admitted that the passages which Holtzmann quotes in sup- port of this are sufficient to prove his point. By a similar method it is easy to prove that Shakspeare was a lawyer or a doctor, a Eonmnist or a Puritan.