Tlic ^vr
pbrtant works there was a l'i authority and ' the time of II was especially produced abun the Middle Ages \
"f the question riind naturallv
minuteness, especially by German v. r w- been
a great abundance of ^neral Chur.^i. i!.,,...^. li often
contain discussions on the doctrine of the Clmrcti. This is also dealt with in all treatises on Christian doctrine to a greater or less extent, and from all points of view. The books mentioned below must be regarded merely as examples of the diflterent kinds of works in which the subject may be studied.
Early Whitsrs: Patres AriostoticHed. Lightfoot); Irenaius, c. Hceret. iii. 1-9 ; Tertullian, ae Prcescr. HctrH. ; Cyprian, de Unitate Ecda., de Lapsus; Augustine, de Baptismo, and c. DonatUtat.
6EXER.\L CauRcn H/STORTBS: Neander, HMorn nf fh- Planting and Training of the Christian Church (Kii_- n (1851): Gieseler, Compendium of SccUs. Hist. (Eng.
Renan, Oj
JP'I
History o/ the Christian <'hnyri> n
Cauncii Okgaxizatix i kath. Kirche. (1857); I,i-liti Hatch, Organization of fli- /. ■ Sohm, Kirchenrecht (189i) ; t..iri-. CAiircA (18SS) ; Lindsay, The Chu, DocTRiXA'L Books {Gexerai.) : Handbuch der Kath. Dogmatik Theoloqiir I>n.,inalica- (lSf>I); TT' Ther.rn.r' fl-'i-l: ff.-!tt-i-r--> t' -
1894) ; > 0/ the '.\i
ampendix
I Christianisme (18S3); Schaff, Hfs(...
7c .4r,f (Eng. tr. I - I '.■r,-(lS93); Cheethaii
•^leJiung der Alt- Ministry (1868);
I ■/„„■,■)„■, (IS-^n);
Articles (
); Stone, OiUlin
(18SS); Gibson, T/ie n of Christian /'. ;,. • i :
BOOKS BfA THIS ARTh ; '
Seeley, £«■< y/ ,. , . .^.„„„,,
Hort, The i:l,r..Jn,„ /;,, . ,,, (1893); Moberlv, MinisUrial Priesthood (IsliT) ; liobertson. Kegnutn Dei (1902); TvrreU
"■ ' "~ J. H. Maude.
rsTVELY OX TBE SUBJECT OF nferences de CEglise (1849); 1 Catholic Claims (1898) ;
Green, The Church of Christ (1902).
CHDZA (Xoufos).— The firtVpoTros or house-steward of Herod the tetrarch, and husband of Joanna one of tite ^vomen -who, having been liealed either of a sieknes.-; or of an evil spirit, attached them- h^elves to Jesus and ' ministered unto him of their substance' (Lk 8'). Chuza is identified by Mr. Stanley Cook [Glnsunrij of Aranmk Inscriptions, Cambr. 1898) \vith the father of one 9ay>'an \vho.se family erected a rock-cut tomb at el-flegr in Arabia, with the inscription : mnx n;i3 12 j-nS ' To Hai/y&n, son of KiizA, his posterity (have erected this tomb).' The monument is probably of the 1st cent. B.C. or A.D. Blass (Philology of the Gospels), on the authority of I, a 7tli cent. MS of the Vulgat«, identifies the name with the Greek KuSiat ; but this seems more than doubtful. Chuza may have been of a Nabatffian family, married to a Jewish wife. Joanna is also mentioned (Lk •24'") as one of the women who came early to the sepulchre to anoint the Lord's body (see JoANNA).
CIRCUMCISION (n^'^D, Tepnoi^n)- — With tlie origin * of this rite we are not here concerned ; as regards the three main theories— that it -svas a tribal mark, that it was of the nature of a sacri- fice to the deity, and that it was practised from hygienic motives — see the Literature at the end of this article.
Circumcision was very far from being confined to the Hebrews ; it was practised by the ancient Arabs (Eusebius, Prcep. Evangclica, vi. 11 ; W. K. Smith, Rcl. of the Semites", p. 328 ; Wellhausen, Meste Arab. Heident.^ pp. 174-176 ; H. H. Ploss, Das Kind in Branch mid Sitte der Vdlker, i. 295- 300 : Bertherand, Medecine et Hygiinc des Arabes, pp. 306-314) as well as by the Moiiamniedans (Nol- deke, Sketches from Eastern Hist. p. 68), by the Ethiopians (Philostorgius, Hi.-<t. Ecvlcs. iii. 4), by the Kaffirs (J. G. Frazer, Golden Bough-, i. 327) and other African races (Hartmann, Die Vdlker Afrikas, i. 178; Ploss, op. cit. i. 295 f.), by many central Australian tribes (J. G. Frazer, Totemism, p. 47 ; Lagrange, Etudes sur les religions semitiques, p. 239 B'. ; Ploss, op. cit. ii. 250, 255, who says it is practised by tlie central, northern, and north- western tribes, but not by those in the east and south-west), by the Egyptians (Ebers, .iEgypten und die Biichcr Hose's, i. 278 ; Lagrange, op. cit. p. 241 «.), and by the Aztecs and other Central American races (Jewish Encyc. iv. 97), etc.
Till' ureat dillerence between the national ob- -. I \ aiic.. of the rite by the Hebrews (however one III. \ ' ck to account for the somewhat conflicting -t:iM,MntsinGn .7'=, E.x 4==- =«, and Jos 5= ; cf. Jn 7--) -1; and that of other peoples was, firstly, that its significance was wholly religious, — the outward symbol of a covenant ■with God, — it was a religious act, whereas, among other nations, wliatever the ii-.i.son may have been for practising'! iiciiiiicivii Hi. it 1 i id not occupy a position like this :; ihI -.c..ii.lly.
Its very early origin is shown by the fart 1 11..1 t li.- 1 it' \v as •■""v performed with a stone implement, ^m-c Unjhui, II 117*', I. i- iliiicidung'; cf. 0os52.
t worthy that as a phxjsical act circumcision is not I in the book of Deuteronomy, though it is used in a I . .r sense, 1016 SO'".- ; A ccrutin religious element, though in quite a subordinate
CIRCUMCISION
CIRCUMSTANTIALITY
331
that the Hebrews performed circumcision on the eightli day after birth,* i.e. in infancy, whereas among otlier races it almost invarialily took place at the age of puberty.t It is possible that this diflerence between the Mosaic Code and the usage of others was due to the more liumane character of the former, which enjoined the rite at a time when least painful. t