3. Christ's figurative use of the term ' dead.' — The use of the term as descriptive of a certain s|iiritual condition, unperceiving, unresponsive, is illustrated in the saying of Lk 9"", quoted above. In Lk 15-^ it occurs as tantamount to ' lost.' The dead spoken of in Jn 5-'"-'', to whom the Son gives eternal life, are so described in virtue of their con- dition prior to their believing on Him.
LrrERiTi-RE. — .\rtt. 'Eschatology' and 'Resurrection' in
Hastings' DB; ' Eschatologj' ' and 'Dead* in Encyc. Bibl.\ 'Duty to the Dead' in Jewish Encyc; Schurer, HJP (as quoted); Weiss, Bib. Theol. of ST, Eng. tr. in the relativ "" We " ■" • - ' " -
^endt, Teaching of Jesus, Eng. tr. in the relative 55: Stevens, Theol. of ST, p. 166 ; Salmond, Christian Doctrine of Immor- tality ; Drummond, The Jewish Messiah ; Stanton, The Jewish and the Christian Messiah ; Luckock, After Death ; Randies, A/ter Death ; Beet, Last Thinys ; White, Life in Christ.
J. S. Clemens.
DEAF AKD DUMB.— 1. Link between deafness and dumbness. — (a) It appears impossible to sepa- rate these two maladies of deafness and dumbness, whether one approaches them from the standpoint either of the scientist or of the student. The consequence of the former disease is that the sense of hearing is diminished or abolished ; the conse- quence of the latter is that the power of articulat- ing sounds is defective or impossible. There is, indeed, no phj-siological connexion between the maladies ; but the acute stage of either leaves the patient now with a correspondent incapacity of hearing, now with a correspondent incapacity for speaking. The acutest form of these maladies is seen when congenital ; then the link is observed at its closest : the maladies, so to speak, draw into one, and the remedies which surgery or treatment, and the artificial aids of hand, or lip, or sign language can attbrd, are invariably applied as if these maladies had some common source and a unity of their own.
(6) This conception of an inherent unity between deafness and dumbness is curiously illustrated by the Greek adjective with which this article is chiefly concerned. Kuif>6s is derived from tlie root KOTT, i.e. that which is smitten, crushed, or blunted, opposed to oii's, 'sharp,' 'keen.' Thus Kuip6s is used in Homer of a blunt weapon,* of the dumb earth t [cp. Lat. bnita tellies], and, with a wonder- ful picturesqueness, of the noiselessness of a wave before it crashes upon the shingle, t It is thus only by a slight metaphorical turn that the adjec- tive stands to describe the impairment or loss of powers of the mind or body ; and so of vision, of hearing, and articulating.
2. References in the Gospels: — In the Gospels Ku<p6s (the word is not found outside them in the NT) is applied only to the two maladies under discussion, i.e. to describe the dwarfed and blunted powers of the deaf and dumb. Indeed, as it fur- nishes a common description of both maladies, a less careful student would be in danger, at least in the chief characteristic passage (Mk 7^''"), of mis- rendering, or rather misapplying, the adjective, which plainly signifies 'deaf.' But later in the same Gospel (9^) Koi(j>6i probably means 'dumb.' This free transference of the adjective by the same writer, as descriptive now of the one malady and now of the other, is clearly not due to any scientific
DEAF AND DUMB
DEATH
427
for him that it connoted the crushing, maiming char-
acter of botli diseases. even St. Lulie the ))I in which the wnrcl <■( application (1-- II" St. Matthew a-.iiu u as applicable tu dcui It IS, of course, n healing that the interest of the question turn: glance will be s\iflicient at the striking passage in the opening of St. Luke's Gospel (P"--) in which the announcement of the birth of the Baptist was made to the aged Zacharias. It is significant to observe that Zacharias was on this occasion the victim not merely of lack of faith in the angel's but of real alarm at the vision. The
It is curious to note that :-iM.ii, in tlio three passages
., 11-^-. 1, ,■,/,; in this double
"f deafness).
rr I.]:, -i.ii indifferently ai ; ui Juiulmess (933). ly on our Lord's works of A
speechlessness. Its infliction was indeed pro- nounced by Gabriel, but it may well be supposed that it was brought about by natural causes. There are many instances in which sudden emotion has brought on deafness or dumbness, and, strangely enough, there are instances on record in which a sudden emotion, like terror, has led to the restoration of lo.st powers of this char- acter. Tlie medical faculty always regard hope- fully patients who have become suddenly deaf or dumb from tliese instantaneous causes, and it may be assumed tliat neither Zacharias himself nor his friends regarded the visitation as permanent, apart from Gabriel's consoling limitation of its conse- quences.
Two miracles recorded by St. Mark have sug- gestions about the deaf and dumb which are full of interest, and to which only inadequate commentary is possible within the space of this article. The former is that wrought by the Lord, on tlie edge of the Holy Land, upon an unnamed sufferer (Mk 731-"). He is described as deaf, and as having an impediment in his speech. The strange term * here employed (v.^-), which does not occur elsewhere in NT and is found only once in LXX (Is 35^}, indi- cates at once the closeness of link between the two maladies which has been already emphasized, and also declares that the man was not so dumb as he was deaf. He spoke, but only with difficulty ; a trial, no doubt, to others as to himself. In this narrative, given by St. INIark with such extra- ordinary vividness of detail, t — the taking aside, the mysterious remedies applied, the sigh, the word spoken, not of magic but of power.J — in all these we see the Divine figure of the Sou of Man as traced by St. Mark, in His compassion for suffer- ing humanity, in His teaching as significant by action as by word, in His sublime confidence that He had that to give, for which He looked not in vain from heaven. St. Mark puts in simple, unscientific terms the record of the cure. 'The sufferer's ears were opened, his tongue was no longer a prisoner, speech came back orderly and intelligible to those around.