(4) In all likelihood also the man with the withered hand was one nervously afflicted. The case is recorded in Jlt 12»->^ ISIk Z^-\ Lk 6«-". The incapacity and wasting might be due to (n) infantile paralysis, the disease arresting the development and growth of tissue, leaving the limb shrunk and withered ; or (h) it may have been congenital ; or (c) it might be due to some direct injury to the main nerve of the limb, preventing its proper nutrition.
Among the halt and withered of Jn 5' probably there were cases of chronic rheumatism, joint diseases, and other wasting ailments, in many instances com])licatcd with nervous exhaustion and weakness, if not witli positive disease.
6. NerYOus and psychical diseases. — Cases of lunacy, of epilepsy combined with insanity and perhaps those allied with idiocy, and others generally described as instances of demonic posses- sion are given in the Gospels, and are to be recog- nized as having a twofold causation, on the one side physical, on the other psychical ; and the problem as to which of these is primary in any jiartioular case is not to be ligbtlj- determined. In this ((inncxion arises the outstanding question as to the possibility of a genuine spiritual possession (see art. LUNATIC), a matter which may well remain with us for some time yet as a challenge Ix)th to medical and to theological investigation. The science of anthropology may throw much light upon it, and possibly in the course of further inquiry .some of the conclusions of that science may be found in need of — ' i:i;_-i; _
read of
modification.
LiTERATrRE. — For facts relatin^r ^a ttio t'T't-^"' disease in Orientallands, and esperj,: llamlbook of Historical Path,' Marr;o\van in Jewish IntcUiQcnc, Labours, 1846; Thomson, Land 'i and, for leprosy, ch. 43; also coii^u;, „^..^,,.m. u in Hcrzog's PRE^; 3&hn, Archaoh„,ia fiil.lN-'a, ijt J. Bisdon Bennett, Diseases of Bible ; Hobart, Medical Lan-
puaoe of St. Lxdcc ; Mason Good, Study of Medicine ; art. by
Macalist'er on ' Medicine ' in Hastings' DB. For Talmudic con-
ogue, see
Hastings' disease and medical treatment wiinderbar, Biblisch-Talmudische Medicin,
T. H. "Wright.
DISH 1. The only place in the NT (EV) where
this word is found is in the record of the betrayal of Jesus given by two of the Synoptists (Mt 26^, Mk 14=»).
iini'.rd. a i..Iatit.i)stui» of .lirtrl inlti-'ltpeiidence <cf. Wright's Suiv.psls ,./ ilir <„,sp,l., 1,1 i;r,,l; ].. 140), but rather one of .^'liiniori liLj'.ii.ifii'r ui'nu the >aTMe or kindred sources, oral or
m'2d-")-' ' '"" " ° ° " '"■■'■'"'"'"■'"
A comparative study of the four records which tell of Jesus' reference to His impending betrayal brings to light some not unimportant minor ditter- ences, and at the same time reveals the agi-eement of all the wTiters in the belief that He knew of the intentions of Judas, and warned the latter against the dark deed. To the Markan account >vlueh makes Jesus answer the anxious question of His diseii)les (^ijri iyii ;) by the vague statement, '(it is) one of the twelve who is (now) dipping with me in the dish,' which is equivalent to the previous 6 eaeiuiv fier' ifiov (v.'^ ; on this, however, cf. Gould's St. Mark, ad loc), St. Matthew not only adds a more distinct note by employing the aorist (f/n^d^as) instead of the present Middle (cfi.^airrifj.et'os), by which he evidently intended to convey the idea of time, but he also informs us that Jesus gave a direct affirmative replj' (<n> eijras) to Judas' ques- tion. On the other hand, St. Luke agi-ees with St. Mark in leavin" out all reference to an indication of the traitor beyond the statement that one of those present at the meal (fxi ttjs rpawi^r;^, Lk 22'-') was guilty, whUe the author of the Fourth tlospel agrees with St. Matthew in making Jesus, liy a sign {ek'eivos iarw ^ iy^ pdtpu) rb ipaixlov koI ouhtu) oirrij), Jn 13-'), point him out to his fellow-disciples.
One thing seems to emerge clearly from the fourfold account, there was but one Tpvji\iov on the table, and each one dipped his bread into it as he ate (see O. Holtzmann's Lcben Jcsu, Eng. tr. p. 458). This dish contained a sour-.sweet sauce (ripno), which was composed of 'a cake of fruit beaten up and mingled with vinegar' (see Encye. Bill. art. ' Passover, § 17" ; cf., however, B. "SVeiss' The Life of Christ, iii. p. 279). Into the sauce pieces of unleavened bread and bitter herbs were dipped and handed round by the chief person of the assembled party, which was evidently pre- liminary to the general partaking of the dish (cf. /ter' fMoO, Mt 26=^ = Mk 14™). It seems that this was a custom of late introduction into the Passover rite, and that it was intended to enrich the mean- ing of the feast by a symbolic reference to the brick-making period of Israel's Egyptian bondage (see art. ' Passover ' in Hastings' DB iii. p. 691'').
^lost scholars have sought to establish the rela- tive positions of Jesus and Judas at this Pas.sover feast from the incidents referred to by all four P ilI: :~ H f. Edersheim's Life awl Times of ■ i ' " I'lh, ii. pp. 493-507; art. 'Apostle
lo , !i inu's' DB ii.p. esi'; Farrar's Life
1/ ' ' . ii. _'s4 11". etc.). The variety of conclu- sions arrived at shows how impossible it is to settle a question of the kind. If, indeed, opposite each tnclinium at the table there had been a rpipKtov, then the answer of Jesus to His disciples' questions would show clearly that Judas reclined immedi- ately on His left. This, however, as we have already intimated, is not probable ; and the only data by which an approximately correct impression may be received lie in the words spoken by Jesus to Judas himself, and recorded partly by St. Matthew and partly by St. John (cf. Mt 26'-» and Jn 13"'''-). It seems more than probable that the traitor reclined somewhere in close proximity to Jesus, that their hands met .is both dipped together into the dish (cf. the use of the Middle voice by St. M.ark ; see Bengel's Gnomon of NT on Mk 14'-»),