11'- 8 1316 15,2", I .Jn 131 12192a; 'cloak, '.Mt 6-1",
Lk629; 'cloth.--, i - , ::, in (Jrcek); (plural) 'clothes,' Mt 217 2418 266ii, .Ml, - ■ ; ! !"■ ; ' r,.iTn.-iit,' Mt 118 1722731,
Mk 93, Lk 725 23--*, .In r,' ■ I - . i l-i -r i.urple robe of Jesus
I .Mk 1517.205
:|»), Lk 72 long garments of the
both
lie Lrit- stola—is \ised for the long clothing ' Jit 1238, • long robes'' Lk 20-«i ; for the ' best robe ' of the Prodigal Son, Lk 1622 ; for the 'lone garment' of the Resurrection angel, Mk 165 — in the parallel passage irrSr./ri-, 'garment' is used, Lk 241. ;t(Tfliv signified an under-garment, and is tr. in EV 'coat' in Mt S* lOlO, Mk 69, Lk 311 629 93, Jn 192n. The plural is in Mk 1463 tr. 'clothes,' though in the parallel passage .Mt 26^5 /aaria is used. Closely connected with clothes we have hivrtov, the towel with which Christ girded Himself, Jn IS-i-S; ^oi,5<if.o., 'napkin,' of Lk 192", Jn 1144 20' ; i06,m, ' linen cloth,' of Lk 2412, jn 1910 2ll5 6. 7 ; ,„5<i,, ' linen cloth,' of Mt 27=9, .Mk 1451- 52 ; and ?Uitk. 'fine linen,' Lk 1619; i^-iSru*, 'shoe,' Mt 3" lom, Mk 17, Lk 31" 104 1522 2-235, Jn 127; o-«.5«X/.v, 'sandals,' Mk 69; ?i...i, 'girdle,' Mt 34, Mk 16, ' purse,' Mt 109, Mk 68 ; .rn,,, ' scrip,' Mt IQl", Mk 68, Lk 93 104 -2255. 36.
All the references to clothes in the Gospels are to male costume. There are very few indications of the materials of which they were made or of their shape. John the Baptist had his raiment ((vSvixa.) of camel's hair, and a girdle of leather about his loins (Mt 3^ I!)— like many a roughly clad man in Palestine to-day. The rich man of the parable was clothed in 'purple and fine linen' l^vaiToi), Lk 16". The three body-garments com- monly mentioned are the cloak (iiidriov), — a word used also in the plural for ' garments ' in general, — the ' coat ' (x^riliv), and the girdle (fiii-))). The head- dress is never definitely mentioned, but we know that it was practically universal to cover the head.
These references indicate that the clothes worn by Christ, His disciples, and the great majority of His adherents, were of the simplest kind ; but among the richer classes there are indications, as is seen in the references given above, of more sumptuous robes. Indeed, among the better class of townsfolk it is probable that Jewish costume was largely modified under Hellenic and Roman influ- ence. In dealin" with the former more important subject, the probable costume of the founders of Christianity, the most hopeful sources of informa- tion are (1) the costumes of Jews, and (2) the dresses worn to-day among people of simple life in modern Palestine.
1. The dress of orthodox Jews is as various as their language and lands of residence. Neither in the head-dress, nor in the long Sabbath robes of the Rabbis, nor in the ordinary under-garments, are there any uniform features. There are, how- ever, two special garments which are worn by orthodox Jews the world over ; these are the talllth and the arba' kavphdth. The talllth, or praying " ■ ' ' liout 3 feet
I >-.i'\\ c'liii.-r li.urj- :i tassel or n.i\\ II .-I, thr ;.;■'/,. l-;;,,-!, con- U tNvist,.,! tonrtlirii,, five knots t' taUith is always worn in the prayer time : it then covers the head aiul sln.tiMcrs. Jews -who affect special sanctity— especially those living in the Holy Land — often wear it all day, as was once the common custom. In the Middle Ages, in consequence of
tot
shawl, is a rectangular woollen by 5,* usually «liili', Midi d.-nk of the sides. I-'imi,i .-m-l, ciiii,-
fringe ; thf-c mv Kn.l^^ n .-i^ tin- sists of ei.L'ht (see HnnnKi synaf;.i,suc- .-i
the persecution whicli the Jews then underwent on account of their religious customs, the habit of wearing the talllth in public had to be given up ; but as the Jews view the wearing of the fringes as a religious duty (Dt 22'-, Nu 153"), they made a special under-garment to carry them. This con- sists of a rectangular piece of woollen or even cotton material, about 3 feet long by a foot wide ; it has a large hole in the centre through Avhich the head is put, .so that the garment comes to lie over tlie chest and back like a kind of dou'o'.e chest- protector. At the four corners are the zizith, and the garment is known as the ' four corners,' arbd kanphdth, or sometimes as the talllth katon, or small talllth. It is worn by small children, but the talllth proper only by a boy after he has be- come bar mizvah, a 'son of the Law,' at thirteen. As the earliest mention of the arbci kanpMth is in 1350, it is manifest that it cannot have existed in NT times. With the talllth, however, the case is different. It is certain that this is the altered form of an outer garment which existed in early times, and was known in Heb. as the simlah and in Gr. as himation. In the 'hem' or 'border' (Kpd<77re5o>', Mt 9-» 1436, jik 056, Lk 8«) we have reference to the fringed border of the cloak ; and even more definite is the reference in Mt 23°, when the scribes and Pharisees are reproved for unduly lengthening the fringes (to KpaaweSa) of their gar- ments.