taking, with this one exception, precedence of all other ranks. The prominence of the prophet may be seen in the Didaehc (c. 11), and in the part played by him in the Montanist movement, llence their truth or falseness, their faithful use, or theii .'ilmse of the spiritual gift, was an ira- |.oit.'iiil factor for the infant Church. Hence our Loiil wains against them as 'wolves in sheep's elothmu (Mt 7''"'), and St. John at the end of the Ajio^toln- .'ige repeats the warning (I Jn 4'). In till' toiniei ease the reference is apparently to their niietliie.al teaching; in the latter to their denial or misinterpretation of the fact of the In- carnation. Without using the name, our Lord warns also against such men, as falsely predicting or announcing the Parousia (Mt 24''-'). In 2 P 2' stress is laid upon false teaching of an antinomian I haiaitei. the authors of wliicli are called 'false ti arlii 1-. hut find their analogy in the 'false luoiihi'i- oftheOT.
[IKli.
FALSE WITNESS.— The i-roh logue of bearing false witness
Christ (01> ip€vdo^apTVp7j(T€LS, Mt
lying
T. T.. M,\OG.s.
tionintheUeca- • is eiiiloised by " ). I higinally lying
harge might attention (Ml fiapTvplaf, ios i'" Zi-); but the this. 'Hie I,;
While
;i 'gainst ones iieighbcmr, perliaps because this is the most frei|iii'iit form of falsehood (see Dale, Ten I 'i.iHiiniixliiinit.-!, p. 208) : Was it merely for brevity that the limiting clause was dropped by Christ? or did it not rather imply a broadening and ileepening of the commandment? Like other sins, xftfoo/xapTvpiai. come from the heart (Mt 15").
At the preliminary investigation before Caiaphas, the chief priests and the whole council souqht (ii-qTovv) false witness on which such a capital s would demand Pilate's 4'') ; ws ^kv iKclvOLS cddKCL 4 f voofjiapTvplav (Euthym. seem to mean more tlian falsonim testium exorta niinally jnil;_:es, they were
IvalU- |i|ii-.rrntols, .'Is \]lry sliowi'.'l li\' 1 1 i ~1 e-ill'dlng
the nijo that witnesses h.'r tlie difeiiVe should first be e.'illeil (see \\"est.euU on Jn 18-'). Though many false witues.ses came (Mt 2(i''") and bore false wit- ness (Mk 14"''), yet their witness .agreed not together (i'uai ai i-iapTvplai oi'/i ij(ya:>. ih.), i.e. they were not con- sistenl with eaeh oilier, sinie it w .-is'necessary that two al h>;is( shonlil auiee (IM I7''l, and witnesses well- e\amiiii'il se[iai .'iti'U , not ill the presence of eaih olhei- (see Kilerslieim, ./,mix the Messiah, ii. :m\\. Some (Erasmus, Grot, etc.) take iaai in the sense of 'sufficient for the purpose, equal to the ilemaiiil hir weighty evidence, and justifying con- demnalioii,' The parallel words in'Mt 2(i'5»-ii'' lend some sii]ii«irt ('soui_'ht false witness against Jesus that they mi.ulit \m{ him to death : and theyfound it not. thoiiLih many false w itnesses eame') '; but it is a stion;.; objeetion that oi'ot ovrm (a-q is used of the w lines-,' ,,f (hose who perverted His -words coiieeininj the temple (Mk 14™), which constituted aver\ 'ji-im; I haiue : cf. Ac 6'"-" (cf. Expositor's GrccL Tc-iUuncd uu Mk 14=";).
Even the spies who constantly laid wait for Him had caught up nothing to serve their purpose ; but at last two '[false witnesses (Mt 26'^'' ; rti/es, Mk 14") came, who perverted certain words spoken at the beginning of His ministry (Jn 2'") ; but their testi- mony also was not Ul). Taking the meaning as 'iliil not agree together,' the ditl'erence may per- haps he tlaee.l ill 'Mt. (arraelu MirnX.Vai) and Mk.
(^7u.' i.uT(i\ruw) : ei'ilainlv the |ii-i\ eision is evident, since tiicy asciilieil to liiiii iliai ih-st ruction which Ho asciiheil to the .lews. It has been inferred
FAIMILY
from Mt 2V that the rulers knew the true mean- ing ; but perhaps this is better referred to a know- ledge of Christ's words in Mk 8^' etc. This false witness might have sufficed ; no other charge could be so eft'ective before the Koman Procurator as that of being a fanatical seducer of the ignorant populace, who niiglit lead them on to wild tumul- tuous acts ; wliile the claim that He would, or was able to, rebuild the temple within three days might be made to imply Divine or magical pre- tensions (see Edersheini, op. cit. ii. 559); but it also broke down (ovSk oiirw^ ta-q fjv t) fiaprvpla. aiTuv), cf. Ps 2V- 35".
On the law concerning false witness see Hastings' DBiv. 351" ; Edersheim, op. cit. ii. 558. Witnesses who contradicted each other were not considered in Kabbinic law as false witnes.ses in the sense of Iieiiig iiunishable. The Sadducees were less severe than the Pharisees in tlie interpretationof Dt 19""-; they held that the punishment should be inflicted only if the falsely accused had been punished, whereas the Pharisees demanded punishment if the sentence had been pronounced, whether it was executed or not.
Literature.— Besides the works cited above, ret. may be nia^iie to Taylor Innes, Tnat of Jesjis Christ ; and Rosadi, Trial of Jesiis, ad loc. ; Schiirer, HJP ii. i. 194 ; Expositor, i. xii. [1880] 276 f. W. H. DUNDA.S.
FAME. — This term has had three meanings, — rumour, reputation, and posthumous renown. The last is modern ; the Elizabethan usage lies between, or may include, the other two. Bacon, who left a Fragment on the subject, and who loved to quote the mythological idea of Fame as the daughter of the angry Earth and the sister of the warring Giants, understood by the term disturbing Rumour — a thing dangerous to governments. Milton, who in an early poem {Lycidas, 70ft'.) described 'the last infirmity of noble minds,' in a late ix)em analyzed the temptation to seek fame or glory, and poured scorn on human judgments {Par. Meg. iii. 21-151). In the Gospels the meaning is simpler. The term describes the spreading talk of the admiring multitudes. It is a thing unsought, but unrestrainable, and in no small degree disquieting to the authorities.