JORDAN
901
followed it and the return of David to Jerusalem (2 S 17-2' =■■ 19'«-") [on tliis point tlie Hebrew text speaks (19"'<"'l) of a .Ti?y^ for enabling the king to cross from the other side of the river ; Jos. {A tit. VII. xi. 2) renders this word by ye<t>vpa, ' bridge,' but it more probably refers to a ferry-boat]. {/) The crossing of Elijah with Elislia, and the return of the latter alone (2 K 2). (g) Two other narratives referring to Elisha : Naaman (2 K S'""^-), and the adventure of the lost axe (2 K 6''). (h) The reference in 1 Mac 5-^- ''- 9^^""' to certain incidents of war, relating to the struggles of the Jews with the Syrians. In the poetical and prophetic books, the Jordan is scarcely mentioned ; we have already had occasion to quote the few texts where it occurs.
8. NT references. — Here again, several times, the Jordan is mentioned in the phrase ' beyond Jordan.' See Mt 4'^ (which quotes Is 9') 4^5 19', Mk 3» W. All the other passages of the Gospels which mention the Jordan are connected with the ministiy of John the Baptist, and the baptism of Jesus, or make a retrospective allusion to them. Thus Mt 3*, INIk V, Lk 3^ describe John at work, preaching and baptizing ; and on this point Mt. and Lk. mention the Tnpixoipo! of the Jordan, a word which we explained Avhen speaking of the Kikkdr of the OT (see above, § 5). Others (Mt 3'', Mk V>) show us Jesus baptized 'in the Jordan,' and then leaving the banks of the river (Lk 4') in order to go away to the desert. The Gospel of Jolm is the only one which defines more precisely the place where John liaptized and where Jesus was baptized. Jn P** tells us that 'these things were done in Bethany beyond Jordan, where John was baptizing,' and two later passages in the same Gospel recall the same fact ; 3-" ' He that was with thee beyond Jordan,' and 10*" ' He went away again beyond Jordan to the place where John at first baptized.' See art. Bethabaea. "Without entering here into the discussion of the problem which is raised by the substitution (by Origen) of Betluxbara for Bethany, we may say that the latter is infinitely better attested, and ought to be pre- ferred (this does away with the topographical hypotheses based on Bethabara). As regards Bethany, the knowledge at our disposal does not enable us to determine its site. It must be (a) beyond Jordan, which excludes the traditional so- called ' place of the Baptism ' near Jericho ; and (b) near Jordan, which renders improbable the sug- gestions of Grove, Wilson, and Cheyne, who would combine Bethany and Bethabara into Bethanabra, and the view of Furrer ('Das Geog. im Ev. nach Joh.' in ZNTW, 1902, p. 257 f.), put forward also by Zahn {EM. NT ii. p. 561), and noted by Sanday (Sacred Sites of the Gospels, p. 94), which identifies Bethany -jvith Betaneh = Betonim (Jos IS^}. See on this special question Lagrange, 'Bethanie et Bethabara' in jRB iv. [1895] pp. 502-522; G. A. Smith, HGHL p. 496 ; C. Mommert, Aenon und Bethania, 1903, pp. 1-19, 30-56.
LiTERATDEE.— SIFP i
a, pp. 261-
Seetzen, Reken, i. pp. 323-343, ii. 269-271, 296-323 ; Burckhardt, Travels, pp. 342-347 ; Irby and Mangles, Travels, p. 91 ff. ; Buckingham, Travels in Palestine, ii. p. 92 ff.. Travels anmng the Arab Tribes, pp. 6-15 ; von Schubert, Reise in das Mornen-
land, iii. pp. 67-94 ; de Bertou, ' Voyage depuis les s Jourdain Jusqu' i la Mer Rouge' in BtW ■' "' ' Giographie, 1839, pp. 114-168 ; Molvn
BtUletin^ de la Society de
„ , . . .^ --- --, , —-edition to the
Jordan and the Dead Sea ' in Jour. R. Geog. Sac. xviii.J1848]
ii.[ 104-130, of. p. xxxvi; Lynch, Narrative of the Ut » Expedition to the RijVer Jordan and the Dead Sea, 1849, ■ Robinson, 'Depression
' " I Jour. R. Geog. Soc.
the same author's OJicial Report,
of the Dead Sea and of the Jordan Valley
xviii. [1848] pp. 77-88, the same author's Physical Geography of
the Holy Land, pp. 66-95, llC-13i), and his BRP i. 63"7-568, iii.
390^18 ; Petermann, ' On the Fall of the Jordan ' in Jour. R.
Geog. Soc. xviii. [1848] pp. 89-104 ; Eitter, Erdkunde, xv. pp.
162-238, 266-281, 358-556, 698-723, the same author's Der Jordan
und die Beschijfiiiig dcs Todteii ilccn.-, Isr.ll ; Tohler, Topo- graphm, ii. pp. 669-719; Lartet, Exploratuni ij,'olngiq\ie de la Mer Morte, 1878; Reclus, Giographie uiurrrsrll,-, i.\. ])p. 727- 736; Lortet, La Syrie d'aujaurd'hui, pji. 44;j-47(i, .'i43-563; Guerin, Samarie, i. pp. 97-109, 239-24U, Guld,t\ i. laj, 2^2-286, 342, ii. 297, 308-310, 338, 460 f. ; G. A. Smith, HGHL pp. 465- 496 ; Buhl, GAP pp. 35-39, 111-113, 115 f. ; Thomson, LB i. pp. 359-370, ii, pp. 447-469, 46S-473 ; Hull, ' Memoir on the Geology and Geography of Arabia Petraea, Palestine,' etc., in SWP, 1889, pp. 3-20, 29 ff., 103-120, the same author's Mount Scir, Sinai, and Western Palestine, 1889, pp. 75-143, 169-169 ; Conder, Tent Works, pp. 214-236 ; MacCoun, The Holy Land in Geog- raphy and History, 1897, i. pp. 1-3, 47-50, ii. p. 30 ; Newbold, ' The Lake Phiala, the Jordan and its Sources ' in JRAS xvi. [1856] pp. 8-31 ; J. L. Porter, Through Samaria to Galilee and the Jordan, 1889, pp. 114-143, 266-298 ; Dawson, Modem Science m Bible Lands, pp. 313-319, 338-364 ; Libbey and Hoskins, The Jordan Valley and Petra, 1906 ; Fraas, Aus dem Orient, 1867, pp. 72-78, 204-206 ; Blanckenhom, ' Entstehung und Ge- schichte des Todten Meeres' in ZDPV xjx. [1896] pp. 1-69. LUCIEN Gautier. JORIM. — Named in our Lord's genealogy (Lk 3=").