others of more recent date, emend to read eii iroXi.v 'loih-a, i.e. ' Juttah' in lieu of 'Judah.' But there is no good philological reason for thinking that the latter is a corruption or softer pronunciation of the former ; and, as the context would indicate, the word 'Judah' in v.^'' seems to be parallel to the 'hill country' of v.^ (cf. Cheyne, art. 'Juttah' in Encyc. Bibl., also Plummer, Int. Crit. Com. ad Lk P^). It is, therefore, probably better to treat the passage as a reference to that portion of the hill country of Judah round about Hebron, or to the south of it. Tradition has fixed upon 'A in Kdrim, a little west of Jerusalem, as the birthplace of John the Baptist. See, further, artt. JuD^A, Hill, etc. George L. Robinson.
JUDAS. — 1. Judas the son of James. The
eleventh name in two lists of the Apostles (Lk 6'*, Ac 1") is 'loiiSas 'loKw/Sou. RV ' Judas the son of James ' is a better rendering than AV ' Judas the brother of James.' The note in RVm is ' Or brother. See Jude ' ' ; but in Jude ' there is no ambiguity ; the Gr. text is ade\(pt>s 'laxui/Soi;. The AV rendering is grammatically possible ; but it is improbable that the genitive has two different meanings in one short list of names (cf. AV and RV ' James tlie son of Alphseus '), and it is note- worthy that in Lk 3> 6" dScX^is is expressed. The AV rendering may have been caused by Jude ' ; certainly it has led to the erroneous identification of these two Judases. The evidence of Versions is in favour of RV. Syr ^^ and Theb. have 'son of ' ; ' none suggests the exceptional rendering " the brother of" (Plummer in Smith's DB, vol. i. pt. 2). Syr »'" has ' Judas son of James ' instead of Thaddwus or Lebbteus in Mt 10*.
In two lists of the Apostles (Mt W, Mk S^«) ' Judas the son of James ' has no place ; the other names correspond in all four lists. In Mt. and INIk. Thaddaeus (v.l., in Mt., Lebbaeus) is one of the Twelve. There is little doubt that ' Judas the son of James' had a second name ' ThaddfEus,' and perhaps a third name ' Lebba^us.' Jerome {Com. m loc. ) calls him trinomius. Cf . Nestle in Hastings' DB iv. 741.
It is significant that on the only occasion when this obscure Apostle is referred to in the Gospels, he is distinguished from his notorious name.sake as ' Judas, not Iscariot ' ( Jn 14=-). All that we know of ' Judas ThaddcEus ' is that he asked the ques- tion, ' Lord, what is come to pass that thou wilt manifest thyself unto us, and not unto the world ? ' He could not understand how the kingdom was to come unless the Messiah would make a public disclosure (^/i^ai/ifu) of His glory. The answer of Jesus explains that in the very nature of the case it is not possible for Him to reveal His glory to unloving and disobedient hearts. The question of Judas Thaddieus expressed the thought not only of other members of the Apostolic band, but also of many wlio have since believed in Christ. Our Lord's words have a message for all disciples whose impatience is an evidence of the influence of the spirit of the world. Well may St. Paul claim to 'have the mind of Christ' when he affirms that ' the natural man ' is not only unable to ' receive ' and to ' know ' spiritual things, but is also incom- petent to 'interpret' and to 'judge' them (cf. 1 Co 2"<'-).
Coni-erniiiir the name of this Apostle, who is little more than a ,MiiM I" ii-, il,M-. In^ lit-eri rriUi'h .li-ussion. In Jn U^ S\r ' I ^ r i i"" 111- ■ Jiwlus Thomas.' Plumnier
(o;,. , ' : I i i 1,1 ill n-,;iinliii-' tin- latter as 'acomipt
rendiii : im t.i.L that I lir S\Tian Christians called
Thiiiii ' li.l,^/ Eiis..l.iiis('//A' i. 13. 10)refers, in
his 11- i - Abtrar, king of Edessa, to ' Judas who
was i! I 1 i-.' McGiffert {yicene and Post-Nicene
Pari"' i I . -IS that 'it is possible that Eusebius, or
JUDAS ISCAEIOT
JUDAS ISCARIOT
But Thomas is also called Judas Thomas in Acta of Thutnati, c. 11 f., 31, 39, and in the Sjriac Ductrina Apostolomm. Preusohen (Hennecke, Handbneh zu den NT Apokryphen, p. 562) says ; * In regard to the name Judas-Thomas, i.e. Judas the Twin, of. Doctritie o/ Addai (j). 5, ed. Phillips), Bar-Hebiieus, Chranicon Ecc. iii. 2. The Syriac translation of Eusebius, Ch. Hist. i. 13. 10, renders the Or. 'I«i?a,- i s!«; Bu/jlUs by NDiNn sii.T which, according to the Nestorian pronunciation of the Syriac, must have been understood to mean Judas the Twin.' It is possible that these Syriac traditions preserve the personal name of Thomas ' the Twin ' ; it is impossible to believe that in the Fourth Gospel the Judas of 14— and the doubting Apostle are the same.
2. Judas the brother of James.— In two Gospels (Mt IV'^, Mk 6') 'James and Joseph and Simon and Judas' are named as brothers of Jesus. In Jude' the author of that Epistle is described as ' Judas . . . the brother of James ' (RV). The AV has 'Jude'; and in Mk 6' 'Juda.' 'Judas the brother of James ' is, therefore, a designation both Scriptural and simple, yet sufficient to distinguish the person so named from ' Judas tlie son of James,' who was an Apostle. The use of the full expression d5eX06s 'laKu^ov in the Epistle of Jude, and the statement (Mt 13'^) that Judas and James were ol dde'K<pol ['Ii^ffoC], justifies the limiting of the title ' the brother of James ' to the Judas who was also a 'brother of Jesus.' Much confusion has been caused by the erroneous AV rendering of 'lotiSas 'laKilijlov (cf. No. 1 above).