LiTERATiRK. — Hastings' DB, art. 'Law (in >T)'; Bruce, Training of the Twelre, pp. 67-95 ; Kingdom of God, pp. 63-S4 ; Wendt, Teaching of Jesus, \i. 1-4S ; Dykes, Manifesto of the King, pp. 203-220 ; Dale, Christian Doctrine, 19S ; Hobhouse, Spiritual Standard, iii. "SV. B. FrANKLAND.
LAWYER {voniKos) or 'teacher (doctor) of the law ' (voao5i5d<TKa\os) is found occasionally, almost exclusively in Lk., for the more usual 'scribe' (ypaiiiaaT€vs). The identity of these terms is shown by the following passages. 1. Lk 5'", Pharisees and doctors of the law are sitting by ; but (v.-') the scribes and Pharisees liegin to reason (so I Mt., Mk.). 2. Lk ll^*''- is a denunciation first of Phari- sees, then of laici/crs ; this is parallel to Mt 23 against so'iOes and Pharisees ; and at its close (v.^*) ' the scribes and Pharisees began to urge him vehe- mently.' The TE reading (v.**) 'scribes and Pharisees, hj'pocrites,' which, when comp.ared with the next verse, might imply a difi'erence between 'scribes' and 'lawyers,' is omitted by critical editors on the authority of NBCL Yulg, etc. ; and is obviously an as.<imilation to Mt 23-''. 3. Mt 22^, a htirijcr questions Jesus as to the greatest com- mandment : in Mk 12- it is "one of the scribes' ; cf. also Lk 10^ 'a certain launjer.' 4. The martyr Eleazar is called in 2 Mac 6'^ ' one of the principal scribes,' in 4 Mac 5^ he is a laicyer. Thus these titles are equivalent. ypafx/Mareijs ('scribe') is a literal translation of the Heb. igiD (a literary man or a student of Scripture), while vojmko^ ('lawyer,' 'jurist.' a regular term for Roman lawyers, Yulg. Icrjis prrifiis), and, still better, foaodiddaKoXos, are more distinct descrintions of this class, explain-
18
LAZARUS
LAZAEUS
ing to Gentile readers their character and office. Hence their comparative frequency' in Luke. ' Kabbi,' the title by which they were addressed, is perhaps for us their best designation.
Mt. has ypa.iJ.fMx.Tiiji 23 times, tof^ixii once only (2235, where Sjr-Sin omits). Mk. has yp(x./ji.u.ix.TvJ; only, 21 times. Lk. has ■yptt,ljt.fj.x-rtii 14 times, besides (of .lewish scribes) twice in Acts ; vofj.ixk 6 times (T^" 1025 n-lo. 4H. 62 14:!)^ yofx,oiiha.iryMk<i; once (SiT, and in Ac 5^-* of Gamaliel). Josephus also, while once using hpoyp«.u./A,ct.Tius (BJ VI. V. 3), commonly uses phrases with more definite meaninjj^ for Gentile readers : a-t>p(rT%s {BJ i. xxxiii. 2, n. xvii. 8) or ii.y,yyirrfi tuv TecTpimy MopiMt {Ant. XVII. vi. 2).
These titles show that the great sphere of their activity was the Law, wliether contained in Scrij)- ture or lianded down traditionally. They studied, of course, the otlier books of Scripture besides the Pentateuch, but these were I'egarded as merely supplementary to the Law of Moses, and as them- selves presenting a revealed rule of life and con- duct ; so that tlie term ' Law ' is applied sometimes in tlie NT to the whole of the OT (Jn 10^^ 15=^ 1 Co 14-^). So also in the Mishna (see Buhl, Canon, § 3).
Tlieir work, in all its departments, is sketched in tlie saying ascribed to the ' Men of the Great Synagogue,' their traditional predecessors: 'Be careful in judgment, raise up many discijjles, and set a hedge about the Law' (Pirke Ahoth, I. i.). Tliey acted as judges ; tliey gave instruction in the Law, and trained disciples ; and they interpreted and developed the Law. Though anyone might be a judge, the office was naturally most commonly held by those learned in the Law ; and we find the leaders of the Scribes an integral part of the Sanhedrin (Mk 15' etc.). Their leaders gathered disciples round tliem, and taught tiiem the tradi- tional law, instructing them by discussing real or imagined legal cases ; and tliey developed the Law, ajiplying it to all actual and possible cases, and laying down rules to secure against its being broken. See SCRIBES.
Literature. — Schiirer, HJP 11. i. p. 312 ff., and literature there mentioned ; Edersheiin, Life and Times, etc., i. 93 ; artt. ' Lawyer ' and ' Scribe ' (by Eaton) in Hastings' DB, and litera- ture there. HAROLD SMITH.
LAZARUS. — A common Jewish name, meaning ' God hath helped ' ; a colloquial abbreviation of Eleazar (cf. Liezer for Elkzer).*
1. Lazarus the beggar, wlio, in our Lord's par- able (Lk 16'^'^'), lay, a mass of loathsome sores, at the gateway of tlie rich man, named tradition- ally Nineuis (Euth. Zig. ) or Phinees (Clem. Ee- cogn.). The notion that he was a leper (whence lazar-house, Inzzaretto] is impossible, since he must then have kept afar otf, and durst not have lain at the rich man's gateway.
Tills has been pronounced no authentic parable of Jesus, but an ' evangelic discourse upon His words — " that which is exalted among men is an abomination in the sight of God"' (Lk 16^''), t on the following grounds : (1) Its introduction of a proper name. Nowhere else in the Gospels is a parabolic personage named, and the idea prevailed in early times that this is not a parable but a story from real life (cf. Tert. de Anim. §7 ; Iren. adv. Hmr. iv. 3. 2).
(2) Its alleged Ehionism. The contrast be- tween the two men on earth is not moral or religious. It is not said that the rich man got his wealth unrighteously, or that he treated Lazarus cruelly. The difference was merely that the one was rich and the other poor, and their dooms are a reversal of their earthly conditions. ' In this parable,' says Strauss, ' the measure of future recompense is not the amount of good done