Dogmatics and Ethics seem to be combined in every one of these three i)etitions : That we do not dishonour the name of the Heavenly Father (1) by mistrust, (2) by disobedience ; that His Kingdom may come (1) with its blessings, (2) with its tasks and duties ; that we (1) gladly accept all that is God's will concerning us, and (2) willingly do what He demands of us. To take the fourth petition as merely spiritual, like Marcion and afterwards Lutlier in his monkish days, is certainly wrong.
The sixth 2)etition renrinds us much more of the temptation of Jesus Himself at the beginning and end of His work, in the wilderness and in Geth- semane. The Jewish morning praj'er contains the petition [V33 't^ . . . UN'in Sx ' Bring us not . . . into temptation ' ; but the age of this part is un- known. Jesus speaks, however, throughout in the second person, advising His disciples, not in- cluding Himself ; on the other hand, He could not have taught them such a prayer if He had not Himself lived in that atmosphere which the prayer breathes. When He bids them pray after this manner (ovrcos), He gives them an example from which they might learn with few words to say to God what the jnous soul has to say to Him, and He did not prescribe the use which was made very early of this prayer, so that it became, to use Luther's expression, the greatest martyr.
7 Later history of the Lord's Prayer.— Only a few hints can be given here. It is very sad to observe how early a mechanical use of the Lord's Prayer set in. Tlie same Didache which turned the Avarning of Mt 6'*' into the precept, ' Your fastings shall not be with tiie hypocrites, for they fast on Monday and Thursday, but you fast on Wednesday and Friday,' goes on to write : ' Nor do ye pray as the hypocrites, but as the Lord commantled in His Gospel, Our Father, etc. Thrice in the day do ye pray so.'
This was enforced by the Apost. Const, (iii. 18) : TTpoKaracTKevd^oi'Tes eavrovs d^iovs ttjs viodeaias Tou irarpos, lest Mai P and Is 52' find application to the Christians. Tertullian styled the Lord's Vva,yev hreviarium totius cvangelu, and pronounced the judgment : ' Oratio h;ec quantum substringitur verbis, tantum diffunditur sensibus.' Cyprian called it ccelc.stis doctriwc compzndium ; Origen Avrote on it the treatise de Oratione (vol. ii. in the Berlin edition). On its use in the Liturgy, Bright- man (p. 58) says : ' It occurs in all liturgies except Apost. Const, as the conclusion of the central action and summing up of the great prayer (533- 534), and the transition to the communion, with a proem and a conclusion (E mbolismos) ; it is also otherwise used.' For instance, in the liturgy of the Nestorians it is three times repeated.
Of mediaeval explanations, the Glossn ordinaria draws a rather artificial parallel betMeen the seven petitions of the Lord's Prayer and the seven gifts of the Holy Ghost (Is 11 ^2) and the seven Beati- tudes. The Com. of St. Thomas Aquinas has been translated from the Latin by Edw. Male (1893). Of special interest is the bloct-book of Henricus ex Pomerio (Henri van den Bcegaarde, 1382-1441), Explanatio fgurcdis super Pater noster.
See on it Alvin in Bulletin de I'Academie R. de Belgiqtie, 2 Ser. vol. xvii. 674-94 ; Monuments iconoijr. et typogr. de la Biblio- tMque R. de Belgique ; and P. Weizsacker in Christliches
Kunstblatt, 42 (1900), Nos. 4, 5. It is characterized by joining in coelis witli tlie ilrst petition,* and a tliorougligoing tripartition ('in cmlo (ces sanctorum atiectiones ; in puiyaivrio tres anim- arum afflictiones ; in sceculo tres viroruni defectiones ; trcs panes in via necessarios (naturae, gratije, glorias) ; triplex debi- tum (comniissionis, oniissionis, remisbionis) ; triplex tentatio ; damnandoruni triplex malum ; salvandorum triplex bonum. Tlie illustrations remind one of tlie task which has yet to be executed, of writing a monograph on the artistic illustrations to the Lord's Prayer.
LrrERATURK. — The literature on the Lord's Prayer is immense. Strangely enough, an art. ' Lord's Day ' is found in Smitii, but not one on 'Lord's Prayer.' Under 'Paternoster,' Murray mentions that the first example of this term in English is one from about lUOU. Of yueen Mary the saying is quoted that she 'got the crown by Our Father and held it bj' Pater noster.' The Latin designation was so frequently used, esp. in connexion with the rosarj , that it was taken over into the language of architects, engineers, and anglers (see MurrayJ. In German both its components in the form ' Patter ' and ' Nuster ' became expressions for collar-chains. As a measure of time, cf. a ' Paternoster cricket.'
Out of the literature on the Lord's Prajer, Th. Zahn in his Com. on Matth. (1903) selects : Tertull. de Orat. cc. 1-10 ; Cypr. de Oratione Dcninica (Vienna ed. i. 267) ; Origen, rripi iux,r,? (Berlin ed. ii. 346); Gregory of Njssa, Or. 2-5, de Oratione (0pp. ed. Paris, 1638, i. 723-761) ; Kamphausen, Das Gebet des Herrn, 1866 ; Chase (see above) ; E. v. d. Goltz, Das Gebet in der ultesten Christenheit, 1905, pp. 35-53 ; EBi 2816 if. We may add Plunimer in Hastings' DB iii., and the following list of writers which is arranged chronologically as far as possible : 1626, Alex. Huish ; 1798, N. B. Cadogan ; 1814, Isaac Mann ; 1826, Samuel Saunders; 1832, J. Knight; 1835, W. Howells ; 1846, Henry Alford ; 1849, H. Gaunter ; 1852, Dan. Moore ; 1854, Thomas Hugo ; 1855, Charles Parsons Reichel ; 1858, Hope Robertson ; 1861, Navison Lorain, Rob. Hemley, W. H. Karlslake, F. D. Maurice ; 1863, Geo. Wagner ; 1864, W.' Denton ; 1865, Jos. T. Parker; 1866, Octavius Winslow ; 1869, Claude Bosanquet ; 1870, Ad. Saphir ; 1872, J. W. Lance, Edw. J. Rob- inson ; 1876, C. J. Vaughan (Dean of Llandaff) ; 1883, Newman Hall ; 1884, Charles Stanford ; 1885, Marcus Dods, W. S. Carter ; 1886, A. M. W. Christopher, Wash. Gladden ; 1889, Gilb. Karnev ; 1890, H. N. Grimlev, A. Hastings Ross ; 1892, Rob. Eyton ; 1893, Alb. Stolz ; 1894, Arth. C. A. Hall, F. W. Farrar ; 1895, G. Milli- gan ; 1898, Dean E. M. Goulburn, Eliz. Wordswortli ; 1900, J. E. Roberts; 1902, John Wakeford ; 1903, J. D. Jones.— Without date (alphabeticallv) : F. C. Blyth, J. J. Busfield, Rich. Glover, Thorn. Griffith, Aug. W. Hare, J. Knight, B. Lambert, J. W. Lance, Rob. Leighton, Thoni. Manton, Marcus Rainsford, Rigaut, Dean Stubbs, Caleb Webb, Will. R. Williams.