(4) ' To act and behave in any particular manner,' ' to pursue a particular course of life ' : Mk V (the only passage in the Synoptic Gospels where irepL- TraTelv is used in this sense — ' why walk not thy disciples Kara tt)v irapdSocriv tQv irpea^vTipuv^ ; /card indicating conformity with a standard [as in Ro 84 1415, 2 Co 102- *, Eph 22 ; Win. -Moult. 500]. nshn in Rabbinical language is ' the rule by which men must walk ' [Tj'jn] ; cf. Swete, in loc. ; see Tradi- tion), Jn 812, -yvhere the condition of ' not walking in darkness ' ( = ignorance and self - deception, narrowness, joylessness, and death) is stated to be our ' following the Light of the world,' Jesus our Sun (cf. IP, Ps 271, Is 92 426 6019-20, Mai 42), whose rising is the signal to awake and work (Eph 5", He 31*), and whose movement as He mounts to attain His perfect day is a call to progress in righteousness and love (Ps 19®, Pr 41*, Ph 31*). St. Paul developed this figure : he who follows the Light of the world becomes himself ' light in the Lord ' (Eph 5«- », 1 Th 5^). Cf. Jn 12*^ ('fides non est deses sed agilis in luce,' Bengel. So also is love, 1 Jn 2»-ii).
vtpirTXTi7v is used of the conduct of life ; Aquila, Gn 522 (Enoch) ■Tipit^xni (Tuv ra 6iu, where LXX has ivY,piirTy,(ri (cf. He ll^) ; LXX 2 K 20», Ps 119 (128), Pr 820, Ec 119. St. Paul uses t£^it«t£7v in the ethical sense thirty times, and it is found in this sense in all his Epistles except Philem. and the Pastorals. He has also another word for ' to walk ' which is not found in the Gospels {irroixiii, 'to march in file')- This word 'may impl:^ a more studied following of a prescribed course than TtprnxTuv' {'EXWc. on Gal. 122). Compare with the passages in St. John's Gospel, 1 Jn 16. 7 2S.il, 2 Jn4, 3 Jn^.-l.
2. TTopeiecrdai is used in the same sense as inpL- irarelv (3) in Lk 13** ' I must walk to-day, and to- morrow, and the day following ' ; ' I must go on my way,' RV. 'The duration of my course is ordained by God, and no power on earth can shorten it ' (cf. Jn IP^* ; Burkitt, Gosp. Hist, and its Transmission, 95). It is used in the same sense as irepnraTe'iv (4) in Lk P (' walking in all the command-
WALLET
WATCH
813
ment8 and ordinances of the Lord blameless') ; cf. LXX Pr lO'* (with Barrow's Sermon) 14'-, Mic 6^ iropeveadai fiera Kvplov deov cou, ' to walk humbly Avith thy God,' AV and KV.
3. dUpxiffOai, 'to pass through': Mt 12"'=* (1| Lk 11--') 'walketh through dry places,' ' passeth through,' KV (cf. Ps 106(107)*'). 'Apart fi'om humanity, evil powers have only an empty, unpro- ductive existence ; and accordingly they lie in wait continually for the opportunity to return to the world of men, and to set up their abode there' (Martensen, Dogmatics, 196).
Literature.— Swete, Com. on St. Mark; A. B. Davidson, Waiting upon God; J. H. Jowett, Thirsting for the Springs, 167; Illingworth, Div. Imtnanence; Westcott, Characteristics of the Gospel Miracles; Hatch and Redpath, Concordance to
the LXX. James Donald.
WALLET (KV tr. of ir-f)pa, Mt 10'» etc. ; AV 'scrip'). — This corresponds to the keli haro'lm, or yalkut, of 1 S 17* (see, however, H. P. Smith, Samuel, in loc). It is a bag made of partially tanned kid-skin, bound by a strap round the waist, or slung from the shoulder. In it the shepherd carries his supply of provisions when going with the flock to distant pasture. The coarse loaves of the country, olives, and dried fruit form the staple diet, with an occasional lump of cheese. The wallet, however, serves the purpose of the boy's pocket among ourselves, and often contains a curious assortment of articles. The AV ' scrip ' appears in our literature with the same meaning. Milton {Comus, line 626) speaks of the shepherd's ' leathern scrip ' in which are carried ' simples of a thousand names ' (cf. Shakespeare, As You Like It, Act iii. sc. 2). Setting out on a journey, the Syrian peasant carries a wallet well furnished, which he opens for refreshment as he rests by the way, or in the shelter of the khcin at nightfall. Christ's Apostles were to go unencumbered on their special mission (Mt lO'^, Mk 6^, Lk 9^ 10^), trusting to hospitality, and the providing care of their Master.* But, as an ordinary rule, provident forethought is to be commended (Lk 22^'^).
W. EWING.
WAR (7r6Xe^os). — As the Gosjjels record the story of Christ, whose mission was to bring 'peace on earth and goodwill to men,' the references to war are not numerous. But St. Luke has three refer- ences well worthy of attention. — 1. In Lk 3" 'the soldiers ' (arparevdiJievoi, RVm ' soldiers on ser- vice ') consult John the Baptist. It is not pos- sible to say who the soldiers were, or in what expedition they Avere engaged, but they were not Roman soldiers, or any part of the force of Herod Antipas against his father-in-law Aretas, since the quarrel between Herod Antipas and Aretas liad not developed then. — 2. In Lk 14^^ (where He is enforcing the general lesson that we should not undertake what we have neither the strength nor the will to acliieve, or enter upon His service unless we are prepared, if necessary, to sacrifice life itself) our Lord draws attention to the action of a king in calling a council of war. Possibly there is here a liistorical allusion to the war between Herod Antipas and Aretas (Jos. Ant. XVIII. v. 3). — 3. In