In his enumeration of the weapons of spiritual warfare St. Paul omits the spear, and by implica- tion adds girdle and shoes (^warrjp and caligce). The complete equipment consists of six pieces, defensive and ottensive — the girdle of trutn, the breastplate of righteousness, the sandals of readi- ness to carry good tidings, the shield of faith, the helmet of salvation, and the sword of the Spirit. The Christian soldier is clad cap-^-pie in super- natural armour — the panoply which is the gift of God. There is no defence for the back, which should never need any.
AEMY
AKTEMAS
93
' The next day they took him [Christian] into the armoury, where they showed him all manner of furniture, which the Lord had provided for pilgrims, as sword, shield, helmet, breastplate, all-prayer, and shoes that would not wear out. And there was enough of this to harness out as many men for the service of their Lord as there be stars in the heaven for multitude' (Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress).
In 1 Th 5* the breastplate (dvpe6s) is faith and love. In the realm of the imagination a happy idea will present itself in various aspects to differ- ent minds, and even to the same mind at different moments. Isaiah (59^^) had already suggested the thought of a panoply in which God Himself is clothed, and the writer of Wisdom had worked it out thus (5"'^®) : ' He shall take His jealousy as complete armour ; . . . He shall put on righteous- ness as a breastplate, and shall array Himself with judgment unfeigned as with a helmet ; He shall take holiness as an invincible shield, and He shall sharpen stem wrath for a sword.'
LiTEBATiTRE. — In addition to the sources cited in the article, see art. 'Arma,' in Smith's Diet, of Gr. and Rom. Ant.'^, London, 1891, and art. 'Armour, Arms' (A. R. S. Kennedy), in
SDB. James Strahan.
ARMY.— This term occurs in Ac 23^, Rev 9>« 1914. 19 (jjj ^jjg ]a^g|^ three instances referring to armies [ffrparevfjiaTa] of apocalyptic vision). On the outbreak of a tumult in the Temple at Jeru- salem, the chief captain of the band came on the scene, as he afterwards reported, ixvv ri^ aTparevixaTi (AV 'with an army,' RV 'with the soldiers'). The little force thus described (Ac 23^') was a frac- tion of the vast army which maintained law and order throughout the Roman Empire. In the first month of 29 B.C., a year after the battle of Actium, the gates of the temple of Janus at Rome were closed for the first time in 200 years. That signifi- cant act was the beginning of tlie Pax Romana. The Civil War was ended, and the State had no more foreign foes to fear. Augustus found himself master of three standing armies, his own and those of Lepidus and Antony, amounting to 45 legions. He at once undertook that task of military re- organization which was perhaps his greatest and most original achievement. By ruthlessly elim- inating inferior elements he obtained a thoroughly efiicient force of 25 legions. The time for great field forces, such as Scipio and Caesar had wielded, was now past. An army that could be swiftly mobilized was no longer a necessity, and might easily become a menace, to the Empire. Augustus initiated the policy, which was respected by his successors down to the time of the Antonines, of ' maintaining the dignity of the Empire, without attempting to enlarge its limits' (Gibbon, Hist., ch. 1). His conservative policy determined his use of the army. Distributing the legions in the frontier provinces of the Empire — which had the Atlantic as its boundary on the west, the Rhine and the Danube on the north, the Euphrates on the east, and the deserts of Arabia and Africa on the south — he charged them to guard the borders which were exposed to the attacks of restless bar- barians. Italy itself was garrisoned by the Prae- torian cohorts (see Pr^^torium).
The legions were recruited from the Roman citi- zens of Italy and the provinces. Each consisted of 6000 heavy infantry divided into ten cohorts, with a troop of 120 horsemen to act as dispatch riders. The legion was no longer under six tribunes commanding by turns. The supreme authority was now entrusted to a legatus legionis, who was the deputy of the Emperor as commander-in-chief of the whole army. The efficiency of the soldiers depended largely upon the 60 centurions, who formed the backbone of the legion. The term of service was 20 years, and on discharge the legion- ary received a bounty or land. Many colonice
were formed for the purpose of providing homes for veterans. Each legion bore a title and a number, e.g., ' VI. Victrix ' stationed at York, ♦ III. Gallica ' at Antioch.
But the legions were not the only guardians of the peace of the Empire. Augustus developed a new order of auxilia. Regiments of infantry (cohortes) or cavalry {ales), 500 to 1000 strong, were recruited from the subjects, not the citizens, of the provinces, and formed a second force equal in numbers if not in importance to the first. It is estimated that the two forces together made up a regular, long-service army of 400,000 men. The auxiliaries were more lightly armed than the legionaries (see Armour) ; they were not so well paid ; and on their discharge they received a bounty or the Roman franchise.