As Judsea was a province of the second rank, governed by a procurator, it was not (like Syria) garrisoned by legionaries, but by auxiliaries, who had their headquarters in Ca^sarea. The cohortes and alee were recruited from the Greek cities of Palestine, from which they derived their names, such as ' Cohors Sebastenorum,' or 'Tyriorum.' The Jews were expressly exempted from military service under the Roman banners and eagles, which they regarded as idolatrous. Julius Caesar's edict granting this privilege is preserved by Josephus (Ant. XIV. X. 6).
At the time of the death of Herod Agrippa (a.d. 44), an ala of cavalry and five cohorts were stationed at Caesarea (Jos. Ant. XIX. ix. 1-2). Probably they had once belonged to the army of Herod the Great, and had been taken over by the Romans after the deposition of his son Archelaus in A.D. 6 (Schurer, HJP I. ii. 51). They are often mentioned in the period A.D. 44-66 (Ant. XX. vi. 1, viii. 7), and they were finally drafted into Vespa- sian's army in A.D. 67. The relation of the Italian and Augustan cohorts (see AUGUSTAN BAND and Italian Band) to these auxiliaries is a ditticult question. The cohort {airdpa), military tribune (xtXiapx^s), and centurions (iKaTovrapxai.) mentioned in the story of St. Paul's arrest at Jerusalem and transference to Caesarea (Ac 21- 23) certainly belonged to the Judaean auxilia. A single cohort formed the normal garrison of the Holy City (Jos. BJ V. v. 8, where rdyfj.a is used instead of the more correct cnreLpa). The barracks [irapefjL^okT), used six times in the same narrative) adjoined the fortress of Antonia, close to the N.E. corner of the Temple area (see Castle). At the Jewish festivals a stronger body of troops was drafted from Caesarea for the purpose of keeping order among the pilgrims in the crowded Temple precincts, as the Turki.sh soldiers now do at Easter among the Christian sects in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. St. Paul was escorted from Jerusalem to Antipatris by 200 foot-soldiers, 70 horsemen [lirireh), and 200 spearmen (5eftoXd/3ot), and thence to Caesarea by the horsemen alone. The precise function of the de^ioKdjSoL (an exceed- ingly rare word, meaning apparently ' those who grasped their weapons with the right hand') is very doubtful ; see Schiirer, I. ii. 56, and Meyer, in loco.
Literature. — Art.'Exercitus'in Smith's 2)tct.o/(?r. a7idRom. Ant.3, London, 1891 (by W. Ramsay), and in Pauly-Wissowa, (by Liebenam) ; E. Schurer, HJP i. ii. 49 ff. ; E. G. Hardy, Studies in Roman History, London, 1906-09 ; and art. ' Army ' (A. R. S. Kennedy) in SDB. JaMES StRAHAN.
ARTEMAS.— Artemas is mentioned only in TitS^^^. St. Paul urges Titus to ' give diligence to come to ' him, ' when I shall send Artemas unto thee, or Tychicus.' This implies that Artemas was capable of relieving Titus in the oversight and organization of the Church in Crete. Therefore he must have
94
AETEMIS
AETS
been a Christian of considerable experience and of high character, and free to devote liimself to Chris- tian worlv ; one of St. Paul's companions from whom the ' apostolic legates ' were selected. The name is Greek ; but that tells nothing about his nationality.
LiTEEATURE. — Artt. in HDB on 'Artemas,' 'Titus,' and 'Titus, Epistle to' ; EGT on Tit 312. j_ ^ ROBERTS.
ARTEMIS See Diana.
ARTS. — This article surveys the industrial arts of the Apostolic Age, from data furnislied by the NT, the Gospels excepted. ' Art ' may be co-ordinated with 'craft,' which, however, has been replaced by 'trade,' 'business,' in KV (see Ac 18^ IQ^^- 27) . 'craftsman,' 'craftsmen' being retained (Ac 19^** ^s, Rev IS--, where 'craft' also survives).
In the writings of St. Paul are numerous indica- tions of the close contact of the Apostle with the artisan class, which is to be expected in view of what is known concerning his own manner of life. This point is emphasized by Deissmann (Light from the Ancient East^, London, 1911, p. 316 tf. ; but cf. Be- view of Theology and Philosophy, viii. [I9I2-I3] p. 317). 'Work,' 'works' (ami derivatives) figure prominently in the Pauline vocabulary (Eph 2^" 4^^, Col 3-3, I Th 4", 2 Ti 2^\ Tit 3^, etc. ). Many social relationships proceed upon a work-basis, e.g. masters, servants (slaves), bond, bondmen (Eph 6'* ^, Col 3", etc. ; cf. I P 218- 18, Rev 6i« I3i«).
1. About one-half of the references to labour within the apostolic writings refer to agriculture, which, in the widest sense of the term, also belongs to the industrial arts. In so far as these references are quite general, or purely metaphorical, and such as are common to literature in all ages, we shall omit them. Toilers on the land are here regarded more in their relation to craftsmen of whatsoever craft (Rev 18^^). The time had passed when agricul- ture was a self-contained industry ; there were now many departments, and much subdivision of labour. Behind the actual tillers of the soil stood those who were owners of land, such as are mentioned in Ac 43' 5iff- (cf. Josephus, Life, 76). The care of the crop and of animals occupied so much time that commerce in grain (Ac 27^^, Rev IS^^) and in stock had to be made over to others. The workers with agi'icultural implements coald not at the same time fashion them, at least to advantage. Thus it came about that the carpenter, the smith, the worker in leather, found their customers largely among the agricultural community. The plough, the yoke (so frequent in St. Paul's metaphors : 2 Co 6''', Gal 5', Ph 43, 1 Ti 6' ; cf. Ac IS^"), the goad (Ac 26'*), in- struments for reaping (e.g. the sickle. Rev 14'*) and for threshing, the muzzle (1 Co 9^ 1 Ti 5'', only in quotation), the bridle (Ja 3^), and harness in general, millstones (Rev IS^'* ^2)^ weights and measures (Rev 6®) — all these more or less called for the skill of the artisan proper. In rural parts mill- ing and baking may indeed have continued to be woman's work in the house (or tent), but in towns there had arisen millers and bakers, the latter in particular exercising their craft in shops, many of which were found in the same district or quarter, as is still the practice in the East to-daj\