ATONEMENT
AUGUSTAN BAND
123
of reconciliation, made real by God in Christ, which these thought-forms sought to express. This ex- perience in the Apostohc Age, as in every other, was something more than a composite of the terms used in its interpretation, even when these terms were the coinage of the apostohc mind. The usual conditions for the discovery of truth which satisfies the intellectual nature will prevail here as else- where. The one way in which truth, which is the only reality having authority for the mind, reveals its authority is in taking possession of the mind for itself.* Truth justifies itself in the mind that receives it ; it derives its authority in the realm of the moral and spiritual by the experience it creates. The mind, once it has come to know itself, cannot submit to receive its convictions on blank authority ; even when that authority is an utterance of the apostolic mind, it must commend itself to the Christian consciousness by its power rationally to justify the facts to which that Christian conscious- ness knows it owes its existence. The question, therefore, whether the forms of the apostolic ex- planation of the relation of the death of Christ to the forgiveness of sins are final and binding upon faith, will depend upon their adequacy permanently to interpret the experience that Christian men will always owe to their knowledge of those facts in which the Christian experience first originated. The conviction that those facts have been mediated to the world thi-ough the Apostohc Church, wiU prob- ably always suggest that the apostolic explanation of them wiU antecedently be regarded with atten- tion commensurate with the unique value of its source. It seems fair, therefore, to expect that where the modern mind finds the unity of the apo- stolic doctrine of the atonement, it will also find its finality ; and, where finality is found, permanent authority is readily acknowledged. But finality is in the Uving truth of the doctrine, not in its human source.
Literature. — I. More directly on the apostolic doctrine: A. B. Bruce, St. Paul's Conception of Christianity, Edinburgh, 1894 ; A. Cave, The Scriptural Doctrine of Sacrifice and Atonement-, do. 1890 ; T. J. Crawford, The Doctrine of Holy Scripture respecting the Atonement'-, London, 1874 ; R. W. Dale, The Atonement, do. 1875 ('« 1892) ;_J. Denney, The Death of Christ: its Place and Interpretation in the NT, do. 1902; R. J. Drummond, The Relation of the Apostolic Teaching to the Teaching of Christ, Edinburgh, 1900 ; C. C. Everett, The Gospel of Paul, Boston, 1893 ; J. Scott Lidgett, The^ Spiritual Principle of the Atonement, London, 1897 ; E. Menegoz, Le Peche et la Redemption d'apres St. Paul, Paris, 1882, and La Theologie de VEpitre aux Hcbreux, Paris, 1894 ; G. Milligan, The Theology of the Epistle to the Hebrews, Edinburgh, 1899 ; G. F. Moore, art. 'Sacrifice' in EBi; A. Ritschl, Rechtferti- gtmg und \'ersdhnung*, Bonn, 1895-1902 (Eng. tr. The Chris- tian Doctrine of Justification and Reconciliation, by Mackintosh and Macaulav, 1902) ; W. Sanday, Priesthood and Sacrifice, London, 1900; A. Seeberg, Der Tod Christi, Leipzig, 1895; G. Smeaton, The Doctrine of the Atonement as taught by the Apostles, Edinburgh, 1S70 ; G. B. Stevens, The Christian Doc- trine of Salvation, do. 1905; W. L. Walker, The Gospel of Reconciliation, do. 1909 ; relevant sections in (a) Bible Diction- aries, (6) NTTheologies(esp. those of H.J. Holtzmann (19111, B. Weiss [3 1880], G. B. Stevens [18991), (c) Commentaries on the Apostolic Epistles (esp. Sanday-Headlam and B. Jowett on Rom., and Westcott on Hebrews and the Johannine writings).
II. Dealing with the doctrine generally : Anselm, Cur Deus Homo ?, 1098 ; E. H. Askwith, in Cambr. Theol. Essays, London, 1906, p. 17.5 ff. ; Athanasius, de Incarnatione (c. 360) ; A. Barry, The Atonement of Christ, London, 1871 ; A.B. Bruce, The Humilintion of Christ-, Edinburgh, 1881, pp. 317-400; H. Bushnell, The Vicarious Sacrifice, London, ed. 1891 ; J. McLeod Campbell, The Nature of the Atonement^, do. 1878 ; R. S. Candlish, The Atonement : its Efficacy and Extent, do. 1867 ; A. B. Davidson, OT Theology, Edinburgh, 1904, div. iii. ch. 2 ; D. C. Davies, The Atonement and Intercession of Christ, do. 1901 ; J. Denney, The Atonement and the Modern Mind, London, 1903; C. A. Dinsmore, Atonement in Literature and Life, Boston, 1906 ; A. M. Fairbairn, The Place of Christ in Modern Theology, London, 1893 ; P. T. Forsyth, The Crucial- ity of the Cross, do. 1909 ; C. C. Hall, The Gospel of the Divine Sacriyife, New York, 1896 ; T. Haring, Zur VersOhnungslehre, Gottingen, 1893 ; W. Herrmann, Der Verkehr des Christen mit
* Cf. Denney, The Atonement and the Modern Mind, 6 S. ; W. L. Walker, The Gospel of Reconciliation, 60S.
Gott (Eng. tr. The Communion of the Christian with God, London, 1906) ; F. R. M. Hitchcock, The Atonement and Modern Thought, do. 1911; A. A. Hodge, The Atonement, Philadelphia, 1867; J. T. Hutchinson, A View of the Atone- ment, New York, 1897 ; T. W. Jenkyn, The Extent of the Atone- ment in its Relation to God and the Universe, Boston, 1835; J. Kaftan, Dogmatik, Tubingen, 1897, p. 531 ff. ; G. Kreibig, Die Versohnungslehre, Berlin, 1878; W. F. Lofthouse, Ethics and Atonement, London, 1906; A. Lyttelton, 'Atonement' in Liix Mundi'\ 1891, p. 201 ff. ; F. D. Maurice, The Doctrine of Sacrifice, new ed., London, 1893 ; R. C. Moberly, Atonement and Personality, do. 1901 ; W. H. Moberly, 'The Atonement' in Foundations, A Statement of Christian Belief in Terms of Modern Thought, do. 1912; H. N. Oxenham, Catholic Doc- trine of the Atonement, London, 1865 ; E. A. Park, The Atone- ment, Boston, 1863 ; L. Pullan, The Atonement, London, 1906 ; J. Riviere, Dogme de la redemption, Paris, 1905 ; A. Sabatier, La Doctrine de I'expiation et son evolution historique, do. 1903 (Eng. tr., London, 1904) ; D. W. Simon, Reconciliation by In- carnation, Edinburgh, 1898; Turretin, Ora i/ie Atonement of Christ, Eng. tr.. New York, 1859 ; T. V. Tymms, The Chris- tian'Idea of the Atonement, London, 1904 ; W. L. Walker, The Cross and the Kingdom, Edinburgh, 1902 ; R. Wardlaw, The Extent of the Atonement, Glasgow, 1830 ; B. F. Westcott, The Victory of the Cross, London, 1888; G. C. Workman, At Onement, New York, 1911 ; The Atonement in Modern Religious Thought: a Theological Symposium, London, 1900; relevant artt. in Bible Dictionaries and sections in Systematic Theologies, e.g. W. N. Clarke, An Outline of Christian Theology, Edin- burgh, 1898, pp. 321-362 ; J. A. Domer, A System of Christian Doctrine, Eng. tr., Edinburgh, 1880-82, iv. 1-124 ; C. Hodge, Systematic Theology, London, 1873, ii._464-591 ; W. B. Pope, A Compendium of Christian Theology, ii. [London, 1877] 141- 316; W. G. T. Shedd, Dogmatic Theology, ii. CEdinburgh, 1889] 378 ff. ; A. H. Strong, Systematic Theology, Philadelphia,