1907, u. 713 ff. Frederic Platt.
ATTALIA {'ATToXela, Tisch. and ^YH -/a).— This maritime city of Pamphilia was founded by, and named after. Attains II. Philadelphus, king of Persamos (159-138 B.C.), who desired a more con- venient haven than Perga (15 miles N.E.) for the commerce of Egypt and S>Tia. It was pictur- esquely situated on a line of cliffs, over which the river Catarrhactes rushed in torrents — or cataracts — to the sea. Attaha differed from its rival Perga, a centre of native Anatohan religious feeling, in being a thoroughly Hellenized city, honouring the usual classical deities — Zeus, Athene, and Apollo. Paul and Barnabas sailed from its harbour to Antioch at the close of their first missionary tour (Ac 14^^). Both politically and ecclesiastically it gradually overshadowed Perga, and to-day it is the most flourishing seaport, with the exception of Marsina, on the south coast of Asia Minor. It has a population of 25000, including many Chris- tians and Jews, who occupy separate quarters. The name has been sHghtly modified into Adalia.
XjITerature. — W. M. Ramsay, Hist. Geog. of Asia Minor, London, 1890, p. 420 ; C. Lanckoronski, Villes de la Pamphylie et de la Pisidie, i. [Paris, 1890). JameS Strahan.
AUGUSTAN BAND.— During his voyage from Csesarea to Italy, St. Paul was in the charge of the centurion Julius, of the aireipa "Ze^adT-q, or ' Augus- tan cohort' (Ac 27^ RVm). Two widely different views prevail as to the composition of this body of soldiers.
1. The theory of Schiirer {HJP i. ii. 51 f.) is mainly based on data supplied by Josephus. While legionary soldiers, who were Roman citizens, were sent only to provinces of the first order, governed by legati, those of the second order, administered by procurators — e.g. Judaea — were garrisoned by auxiliary cohorts of provincials, each from 600 to 1000 strong, usually attended by an ala of cavalry, and each named after the city from which it was recruited, e.g. 'cohors Sebastenorum.' At the time of the death of Herod Agrippa (a.d. 44) there was an ala of Kaia-apecs and 2el3a<rTTivoL with five cohorts stationed in Csesarea (Jos. Ant. XIX. ix. If.). For their indecent demonstrations of joy at the king's death, they were at first threatened with banishment, but were ultimately forgiven and taken over by the Romans. They are frequently referred to during the period a.d.
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44-66 (Ant. XX. vi. 1 || BJ 11. xii. 5 ; A72t. XX. viii. 7 II BJ II. xiii. 7). In A.D. 67, Vespasian finally drafted from C«sarea into his army live cohorts and one ala of cavalry (BJ III. iv. 2). Sehiirer liolds that the 'Augustan cohort 'is undoubtedly one of tliese five cohorts. He does not, however, regard airelpa. Se/Saor^ as synonymous with (nrelpa 'Ze^affTTivCiv. Ze^aoT-^ is rather a title of lionour, equivalent to Augusta, and the full name of the cohort in question would probably be cohors Augusta Sehastcnorum (HJP I. ii. 53).
2. Mommsen, followed by Ramsay, attempts to connect the cnrelpa. Ze/3a(rri7 with a body of officers detached from the foreign legions and known as frumentarii, who were emploj'ed under the Empire not only, as their name indicates, in connexion with the commissariat, but as agents maintaining communications between the central government and the distant provinces. As they were con- stantly passing backwards and forwards, it was natural that prisoners should be entrusted to them, and in time they became hated as police-agents and spies. When Julius (q.v.), who on this theory was one of these couriers, arrived in Rome, he handed over his charge (Ac 28^®, AV and RVm) to the <TTpaToire8dpxv^, which is commonly translated 'captain of the Prjetorian Guard.' Mommsen, however, thinks that the prcefectus prcetorio can- not have had laid upon him the humble duty of receiving prisoners, and prefers another interpreta- tion based upon the term princeps peregrmorum, which appears in an Old Lat. version (called Gigas) as the equivalent of (rrpaToireSdpxv^' Peregrini, ' soldiers from abroad,' was the name given to the frumentarii while they resided at Rome, and their camp on the Caelian Hill was called Castra Pere- grinorum. It is suggested (1) that Luke, who as a Greek was careless of Roman forms and names, used the Greek term a-irelpa. Xe^aa-rri not as the translation of an official Roman designation, but as ' a popular colloquial way of describing the corps of officer-couriers' (Ramsay, St. Paul^, London, 1897, p. 315) ; and (2) that his arpaToired- dpxr]^ is an equally unofficial title, for which the Latin translator, being more at home in Roman usages than Luke, was able to supply the correct technical term. It is admitted that ' this whole branch of the service is very obscure. Marquardt considers that it was first organized by Hadrian ; but Mommsen believes that it must have been instituted by Augustus' (ib. 349). The chief ob- jection to the present theory is that the foundation seems too slender for the superstructure. There is no clear evidence that the title princeps peregri- norum came into use before the time of Septimius Severus (193-211). On the other hand, St. Paul's case would seem to be on all fours with that of an appellant mentioned in the correspondence of Trajan and Pliny (Ep. 57), regarding whom the Rmperor gives this rescript : ' vinctus mitti ad l)riefectos praetorii mei debet.'