(A) Angels. — Marriage is forbidden to them (xv. 7 ; cf. Mt 2223-33) ; 1 Co IP" possibly refers to the seduction of angels by women, which, however, agrees with the nai'rative of the angels' fall in Jtibilees rather than in 1 Enoch.
{i) The conversion of the Gentiles is expected generally in i jEwocA, e.g. x. 21, 1. 2, xc. 30, 33,xci. 14.
Literature. — L Chief editions of the text. — (i.) In the Greek verxions. — U. Bouriant, Fragments du texte grec d%t Livre d' Henoch { = M6moires publics par leg membres de la mission archeologique franqaise au Carre, Paris, 18ii2-99, torn. ix. fasc. i.), pp. 91-136 ; A. Lods, L'fjvangile et I'Apocalypse de Pierre avec le texte grec du Livre d'Henoch. Fac-simiU du manuscrit reproduit en SU planches doubles, en heliogravure {=Memoires publics par les membres de la mission arcMo- logique frangaise au Caire, torn. ix. fasc. iii.), also Le Livre d'Hinoch : Fragments grecs dicouverts d Akhmim, publics avec les variantes du texte ithiopien, traduils et amiotis, Paris, 1892 ; A. Dillmann, ' tjber den neugefundenen griechischen Text des Henochbuches ' in Sitzungsberichte der kgl. preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, li.-liii. [Berlin, 1892], pp. 1039-1054, 1079-1092; R. H. Charles, The Book of Enoch, Oxford, 1893, pp. 318-370, 21912, pp. 273-30.5 ; H. B. Swete, OT in Greek, vol. iii. [Cambridue, 1905], pp. 789-809 ; J. Flam- ming' and L. Radermacher, Das Buck Henoch, Leipzig, 19(il, pp. 18-60, 113-114. For the Vatican Fragment, see A. Mai, Patrum Nova Bibliotheca, Rome, 1844-71 ; J. Gildemeister, in ZDMG ix. [1855] pp. 621-4, and O. von Gebhardt in Merx' Archiv fUr wissenschaftl. Erj'orschungen des AT, Halle, 1872, ii. 243.
(ii.) In the Latin version.. — M. R. James, in TS ii. 3 : Apoc- rypha Anecdota, Cambridge, 1893, pp. 146-150 ; R. H. Charles, Bookdf Enoch^, pp. 372-375, 2pp. 264-268 ; Anecdota Oxoniensia. The Ethiopic Version of the Book of Enoch, Oxford, 1906, p. 2 if. ; Apocrjipha and Pseudepigrapha, Oxford, 1913, pp. 278, 279.
(iii.) Ill the Ethiopic version. — R. Laurence, Libri Enoch Versio Aethiopica, Oxford, IS.iS ; A. Dillmann, Liber Henoch, Aethi.opice, ad quiiupie rodleum fidein editus, cum variis lee- tionibus, Leipzig, Is'il ; R. H. Charles, Anecdota Oxoniensia. The Ethid/iic Vcrsiim (it'llir Honk of Enoch; J. Flemming:, Das Buck Henoch: Act/iiapischcr Text ( = T(T, new sen, vii. 1) Leipzig, 1902.
(iv.) hi translations. — R. Laurence, The Book of Enoch ._. . now first translated from an Ethiopic MS in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, 1.S21 ; A. Dillmann, Das Buch Henoch iiber- setzt und erklnrt, Leipzig, lsr,3 ; G. H. Schodde, The Book of Enoch translated with I iilnnliiction and Notes, Andover, 1882 ; R. H. Charles, Thr l:»<il.- if Enoch translated from Dillmann's Ethiopic Text emendeil und nri.sed . . ., Oxford, 1893, translated anew from the Editor's Ethinpic Text . . ., Oxford, 1912; G. Beer, in Kautzsoh's Apok. vnd J'snal., Tiibingen, 1900, ii. 236- 310; J. Flemming- and L. Radermacher, Das Buch Henoch; F. Martin, Le Livre d'Henoch tntdiiit sur le texte Miopien, Paris, 1906 ; R. H. Charles, Apocn/pha and Pseudepigrapha, ii. 188-281.
ENVY
EP.ENETUS
341
II. Chief critical inquiries. — G. C. F. Liicke, Einlcitung in die Offenbarung des Johannes-, Bonn, 1852, pp. 89-144, 1071-3 ; A. Dillmann, Das Buck Henoch ubersetzt und erklcirt, also in PREi xii. [1860] 308-310, PRE"^ xii. [1883] 350-352 ; G. H. A. Ewald, Abhandlung iiber des dthiopischen Buches Hendkh Entstehung, Sinn und, Zusammcnsetzung, Grittingren, 1854 ; History of Israel, London, 1869-80, v. .345-9 ; A. Hilgenfeld, Die judische Apokalyptik, Jena, 1857, pp. 91-184 ; J. Halevy, ' Kecherches sur la laiig-ue de la redaction primitive du livre d'Enoch, in J A, 1867, pp. 352-395 ; O. von Gebhardt, ' Die 70 Hirten des Buches Henoch . . .' in Merx' Archiv filr wissen- schaftl. Erforschung des AT, vol. ii. pp. 163-246 ; Tideman, ' De Apokalypse van Henoch en het Essenisnie,' in Theol. Tijdschri/t, 1875, pp. 261-296 ; J. Drummond, The Jeicish Messiah, London, 1877, pp. 17-73; E. Schiirer, HJP ii. iii. [Edinburgh, 1886] pp. 54-73 ; W. Baldensperger, Das Selbstbeivusstsein Jesu, Strassburg, 1SS8, pp. 7-lG ; R. H. Charles, Book of Enoch ; Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha, ii. 163-185 ; C. Clemen, 'Die Zusammensetzung des Buches Henoch,' in Theologiscke Studien und Kritiken, Ixxi. [Ia98], pp. 211-227 ; G. Beer, in Kautzsch's Apok. und Pseud, des AT ii. 224-230; J. Flemming and L. Radermacher, Das Buck Henoch ; F. Martin, Le Livre d'mnoch. A. Ll. DaVIES.
ENVY. — Envy is the feeling of mortification or ill-will occasioned by the contemplation of the superior advantages of others.
' Base envy withers at another's joy, And hates that excellence it cannot reach'
(Thomson, Seasons, ' Spring,' 283).
In the NT the word is used to translate two Gr. terms, (pdovos and ^rfKos, the former of which is invariably (with the possible exception of Ja 4^) taken in malam partem, while the latter is fre- quently used in a good sense.
(1) Those who are given up to a reprobate mind are ' full of envy ' {fiecrrovi <f>d6i'ov, Ro 1^), and the character of the word is strikingly indicated by the company it keeps, <pd6uos and <p6vos (' murder') going together. Among the works of the flesh are ' envyings ' (Gal 5^^), such as are occasioned by quarrels about words (1 Ti 6*). Christians can recall the time when they were ' living in malice and envy ' (Tit 3^) ; and even now they need the injunction to 'put away all envies' (1 P 2^) ; it ill becomes them to be seen ' jirovoking one another, envying one another' (Gal 5'^^). In Rome St. Paul found, with mingled feelings, some men actually preaching Christ from envy, moved to evangeli- cal activity by the strange and sinister inspiration of uneasiness and di.spleasure at his own success as an apostle (Ph l^^) (see FACTION). If the RV of Ja 4^ is correct, (pOov^ui has its usual evil sense, and this difficult passage means, ' Do you think that God will implant in us a spirit of envy, the parent of strife and hate?' But it maybe better to trans- late, either, ' For even unto jealous envy (' bis zur Eifersucht' [von Soden]) he longeth for the spirit which he made to dwell in us,' or ' That sjjirit which he made to dwell in us yearneth for us even unto jealous envy.' If either of the last two renderings is right, (pdovos is for once ascribed to God, or to a spirit which proceeds from Him, and the word has no appreciable difference of meaning from the ^rjXos ('jealousy') which is so often at- tributed to Him in the OT {debs ^rikwr-qs. Ex 20^ etc.). He longs for the devotion of His people Avith an intensity which is often present in, as well as with a purity which is mostly absent from, our human envy. Very different from this passion of holy desire was the <p9hvos of the pagan gods (to delov irav icm <pdovep6v, says Solon, Herod, i. 32 ; cf. iii. 40) — that begrudging of uninterrupted human happiness which Crcesus and Polycrates had so much reason to fear.