* Perhaps he ha8 in mind sodomy (TraiSoAeopia or paederasty of Ro 127, 1 Ti 110, 1 Co 6!', Didache, 2f.).
Literature. — See Commentaries on relevant passages; W. M. Ramsay, Letters to the Seven Churches, London, 1904; E. V. Dobschiitz, Christian Life in the Primitive Church, Eng. tr., do. 1904 ; J. G. W. Uhlhorn, The Con/lict of Christianity, Eng. tr., New York, 1879; O. Zockler, Asheseund ilonchtum'^, Frankfurt am M., 1897; and for literature fcn Apostolic Age generally see Dobschiitz, p. 380.
Donald Mackenzie.
FORTUNATUS.— Fortunatus was one of three deputies from the Church in Corinth who visited St. Paul in Ej^hesus, perhaps bearing letters, and to whom he refers in 1 Co 16^''- ^^. Nothing more is known of him. It seems unlikely that all the deputies would belong to one household, as Weiz- sacker (Apostol. Age, Eng. tr., i.- [1897] 305) sug- gests, or that all were slaves (so T. C. Edwards, ad loc). Clement refers to a Fortunatus (in Ep. ad Cor. § 65) as accompanying his messengers from Rome to Corinth, but distinguishes him from them ; the name, however, is too common for identification (see AcHAicus and Stephanas),
FOUNDATION.— In the NT, '"foundation' re- presents two different Greek words : (a) /cara^oX^ (active, except in He 11", and always in the phrase Kara^oXri k6(X/j.ov) ; (b) de/x^XLOs, -ov (pass.), with both a litei'al and a figurative meaning [HDB, art. 'Foundation'). Clieyne (£'5*, art. 'Foundations,' 1558) says ' " corner-stone" and "foundation-stone" are synonymous terms in the Hebrew Scriptures.' The metaphorical sense of the word chiefly has religious importance for students of the NT, and will be noted as it occurs in the apostolic writings. The figurative use of BefxiXios goes back to our Lord's Parable of the Wise Builder — 6s ^cr/ca^e Kal e^ddvve, Koi idrjKe defiAXiov iirl rrjv TriTpav — ' who digged and went deep and laid a foundation upon therock'(Lk6<8).
The significance of the word in the Epistles will be found in an exegesis of the passages, viz. : (1) in Ro 15-** St. Paul expresses his determination not to build upon another man's foundation : 'iva fj,r] iw' dXXoTpiov defxiXiov oiKo5ofjLui. He covets the Avork of a pioneer on new ground, for in the wide field of evangelization {evayyeXL^eadat,), with so much to do and so little done, all narrow jealousies are senseless and to be avoided. He is not desirous to preach in occupied fields ; his ambition is to spread the gospel and not to make it the subject of rivalry. The rivalries of the Christian Churcli in heathen lands, while whole tracts are lying unevangelized, are a sad sight.
(2) To the Church of Christian Corinth, St. Paul writes : ws cro06s dpxi-TiKTuv deniXiov ^driKa, ' as a wise master-builder, I laid a foundation' (1 Co 3'"), and again : 6e/jL4Xiov yap dXXov ovdeh diivarat deivai irapd rbv Kei/j.€vov, os iuTiv 'lijffovs Xpicrr6s, ' for other foundation can no man lay than that which is laid, which is Jesus Christ' (1 Co 3'^ RV). J. E. McP'adyen {The Epistles to the Corinthians, London, 1911, p. 50) translates tiie phrase 'alongside of {trapd with ace.) the one laid' and comments: ' Jesus is the foundation : the church is founded upon a Person, not upon a system of truths , . . so that this name is a confession, — the earliest, simplest, profoundest of the church.' So F. W. Robertson [Expos. Lectures on St PaiWs Epp. to the Corinthians, London, 1873, pp. 48, 49): 'Chris- tianity is Christ. . . . Christianity is a Life, a Spirit' — "'That I may know Him, and the power of His resurrec^tion, and the fellowship of His sufl'erings, being made conformable unto His death ". ' Thus St. Paul lays down once for all ' the absolute religious significance of Jesus, in all the relations of God and man ' (J. Denney, Jesus and the Gospel, London, 1908, p. 23). Denney (p. 380 ir.), in the interests of faith and Christian unity, pleads for such a simplification of creetls as will bind men to Christ in the light of St. Paul's
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declaration that the building is related to the foundation-stone alone, and not to anything laid alongside : ' We remain loyal to our Lord and Saviour only because He has apprehended us, and His hand is strong' (p. 411).
(3) In Eph 2^'' St. Paul describes believers as iiroiKoSon-qdivres iwl t<^ 0efji,e\l({) tGjv awoardXoiv Kal irpo(pr]Ti2v, ' Being built upon the foundation of the apostles and prophets.' The latter are of course NT teachers and exhorters (the omission of the article before prophets indicates members of the same class). They had a special message and function to the Church already gathered out of paganism, in contrast to the missionary and pioneer work of the apostles.
Considerable variety of opinion has been ex- pressed as to the meaning of ' the foundation of the apostles and prophets.' A careful summary is given by Salmond (EGT, 'Ephes.,' 1903, p. 299) of the possible interpretations of the article : (a) gen. of apposition = the foundation which consists of apostles and prophets ; (6) gen. of originating cause = the foundation laid by them; (c) gen. oi posses- sion = the apostles' foundation on which they them- selves were built. Ellicott (Ephesians^, 1864, in loc.) favours (a), so that St. Paul by a change of metaphor (1 Co 3") presents the apostles and pro- phets as themselves the foundation, and Christ as the corner-stone ' binding together both the walls and the foundations.' But the consensus of inter- pretations tends to (6), the gospel of tiie apostles and prophets (HDB, ii.), the doctrines which they preached (H. C. G. Moule, Cambridge Bible, 1886, mloc., also Appendix F, 168 f.). G. G. Findlay (Expositor's Bible, 'Ephes.,' 1892, p. 152) combines (a) and (b) — ' These men have laid the foundation — Peter and Paul, John and James, Barnabas and Silas, and the rest. They are our s])iritual pro- genitors, the fathers of our faith. We see Jesus Christ through their eyes ; we read His teaching, and catch His Spirit in their words. . . . Nor was it their word alone, but the men themselves — their character, tlieir life and work — laid for the Church its historical foundation. This " glorious company of the apostles " formed the first course in the new building. . . , They have fixed the standard of Christian doctrine and the type of Christian char- acter.' In a lesser degree this is true of all re- ligious founders and teachers. For generations the churches bear the impress of the men who gave them their beginning.