GALEA
GALILEE
437
raent of 3'^, which is based on the use of the sincul.ir (Tirepfxa, although the noun is collective and in this sense has no plural ; the allegorical use of the story of Hagar and Ishmael (4-'^-).
This style of reasoning no longer appeals to us with any force, but it must be remembered that these are not tlie real arguments on which the Apostle's teaching rests. He uses the OT in the manner most natural to a Jew of the 1st cent, to support and illustrate a conclusion really reached on in- dependent grounds. The ultimate basis of the Apostle's doctrine of 'justification by faith' is his own personal experience, both of the hopelessness of the search for righteousness by works, and of the sense of peace and new power which came to him Avhen he could say, 'I live, yet not I, but Christ liveth in me' (2^; cf. Sanday-Headlam, Romans^, p. 26 f.).
LiTKRATCRE. — I. COMMENTARIES : Lightfoots (1876) ; G. G. Findlay (Expositor's Bible, ISSS) ; W. M. Ramsay (1899 ; also St. Paul the Traveller, 1895, and The Church in the Roman /•J mpi re, 1S93); F. Renda.l\ (EOT, lOOZ); T. Zahn(1905); A. L. Williams {Camb. Gr. Test., 1910); C. W. Emmet (Readers Commentary, 1912). Valuable notes on 'Riichteousness,' 'Faith,' etc., will be found in Sanday-Headlam, Romans^ (ICC, 19U2).
II. General Ixtrodictions to NT : G. Salmons* (1904) ; A. Jiilicher (Enfr. tr., 1004); B. W. Bacon (1000 ; a]so The Story of St. Paul, 1005): Zahn(Eng. tr., 1909); J. Mofifatt(1911 ; also The Historical ST-, looi).
III. Special Studiks : E. H. Askwith, The Epistle to the Oalnlians : its Destination and Date, London, 1S99 ; Douglass Round, The Date of St. Paul's Epistle to the Galatians, Cam- bridge, 1000.
IV. Moke Ge.seral Sttjdies : A. C. McGiffert, A History of Christlaniti/ in the Apostolic Aqc, Edinburcrh, 1S97 ; J. V. Bart- let, The Apostolic A>je, do. 1900 ; R. J. Kiiowling, The Witness o/thr Epist/es,Londoj), 1892, The Testimony of St. Paul toChrist-, do. lOOG ; Kirsopp Lake, The Earlier Epp. o/St. Paul, do. 1911.
V. Articles : ' Galatia,' ' Galatians, Epistle to the," ' Chrono- logy of NT,' in HDB; 'Galatia,' 'Galatians (the Epistle),' 'Council of Jerusalem,' in EBi.
A more complete bibliography will be found in J. Moffatt, LNT, Edinburgh, 1911. F. S. MaRSH.
GALBA. — Seruius Sulpicius Galba (after his elevation to the purple, Seruius Galba Imperator Cfesar Augustus), son of Seruius Sulpicius Galba and Mummia Acliaica, and great-grandson of Quintus Lutatius Catulus, was born on 24 Dec. 5 B.C. and died in his seventy-third year (15 Jan. a.d. 69). His native place was near Tarracina (modern Terracina) on the Appian Way by the sea. He was adopted by his stepmother, and took the names of Lucius Liuius Ocella in consequence. Both Augustus and Tiberius are said to have predicted that he would become Emperor. He attained the dress of maniiood in A.D. 14 and married i*Emilia Lepida. After her death and that of their two sons he remained unmarried. His friendship with Liuia, the widow of Augustus, gave him great influence from the start. On her death (A.D. 29) he inherited largely, but his in- heritance was reduced by the Emperor Tiberius, Liuia's son. He was, however, permitted to hold senatorial offices before tlie legal age. It is re- corded that when as prtetor he gave exhibitions to the people, he showed elephants walking on tight- ropes, a sight up to that time unknown in Rome. About A.D. 31 or 32 he was for one year legatus pro prcetore (governor) of the province of Aquitania (S.W. Gaul). He held office as consul for six months of A.D. 33. Having been thereafter ap- pointed legatus jjro prcstore prouincice Germanice Sitpcrioris (governor of S. Germany), he held in check the barbarians who had already invaded Gaul. As legatus in 41 he conquered the Chatti and gained a great reputation as a general. He attended the Emperor Claudius on his expedition to Britain (see under Claudius), and attained the proconsulship of Africa, the blue ribbon of a sena- torial career. Besides being awarded triumphal ornaments, he was elected to various priesthoods. His last ordinary promotion was to the governor-
ship of the province of Hispania Tarraconensis, which he held for eight years, from A.D. 60 to 68. In the latter year, as the result of long dissatisfac- tion with the Xeronian government, C. lulius Vindex, legatus pro prcetore p7'ouinci(s GallicB Lugudunensis, revolted from Nero, and Galba gave him his support. Vindex, however, was de- feated by the legions in Germany, and committed suicide. Galba was then himself saluted Imperator by his soldiers. Though he declared himself repre- sentative of the Senate and People of Bome, the Senate adjudged him a public enemy. When the news of the death of Nero reached him, he accepted the title of Caesar from his soldiers, and marclied to Rome. Elected consul for the second time for A.D. 69, he Avas put to death on 15 Jan. 69, and buried in his suburban villa near the Via Aurelia. As Galba's rule lasted only seven months, there is little to say about it. That he was an able general there can be no doubt whatever. He is credited also with other virtues, which, like those of Vespasian, serve to recall the old Roman type. He was the earliest of all the Emperors not of Caesarian blood, and he first manifested clearly that the election to the principate lay in the hands of the army. Supported by the praetorian guards, the ' household troops ' at Rome, he was recognized by the Senate, a deputation from which met him at Narbo Martius (Narbonne). A number of pre- tenders arose about the same time, but were merci- lessly crushed. What ruined Galba was on the one hand his lack of the genius for rule, and on the other his parsimony. One of Tacitus' immortal plirases has reference to him : ' omnium consensu capax imperii, nisi imperasset' {Hist. i. 49). He used severity where it was uncalled for, and thus alienated many who would have settled down quietly under the new regime. He stirred up against himself one of his supporters, M. Saluius Otho (see Otho), who expected to be adopted by Galba as Iiis successor in the Empire. The soldiers declared him Imperator and put Galba to death.