There does not seem to be any sufficient ground for the dislike and contempt in which the Galilaeans were held by their religiously stricter brethren of Judaea. Possibly they were less exact in their ob- servance of tradition. But they were devoted to the Law, and their country was well supplied with synagogues, schools, and teachers. If they were less orthodox, from the Pharisaic standpoint, the Messianic hope burned brightly in their souls, and they crowded to the ministry of Jesus. They were certainly more tolerant and open-minded than the Judieans, and it was from them that Jesus chose most of the men who were to give His teaching to the world.
The population of Galilee in apostolic times was considerably greater than it is to-daj'. At the present time, it is estimated to be somewhere about 250,000 (including children), spread over an area of 1341 square miles and inhabiting some 312 towns and villages. This gives 186 to the square mile. Josephus' figures mean that the population in his day amounted to something like three millions. He speaks of 204 cities and villages ( Vita, 45), the smallest of which contained above 15,000 inhabit- ants {BJ III. iii. 2). This estimate, in spite of the arguments of ^lerrill {Galilee in the Time of Christ, pp. 62-67), can hardly be correct. Good reasons have been given for believing that 400,000 is a much more likely figure, which means a popu- lation of 440 to the square mile. A village of 1,500 inhabitants is reckoned to be a very large one to- day, and the largest towns (with the exception of Safed) contain fewer than 15,000 people. See Masterman, pp. 131-134.
6. History and goYernment. — At the partition of west Palestine among the twelve tribes, Galilee fell to the lot of Issachar, Zebulun, Asher, and Naphtali, who did not drive out the original in- habitants. The population, therefore, continued to be a mixed one, and the borders of the province were constantly being pressed upon by foreigners. In 734 B.C., Tiglath-Pileser III. carried away most of the inhabitants, and after this depopulation very few Jews re-settled in the district till the ex- tension of the Jewish State under John Hyrcanus (135-104 B.C.). At this time, or a little later, Galilee became thoroughly judaized. The settlers were placed under the Law, and quicklj^ developed a warm patriotism, which made them ever after- wards zealous and persistent champions of their
national rights and traditions. Later on, the pro- vince was the principal scene of our Lord's life and ministry. Later still, it succeeded Judsea as ' the sanctuary of the race and the home of their theo- logical schools ' (G. A. Smith, HGHL\ p. 425).
From 4 B.C. to A.D. 39, Herod Antipas was tetrarch of Galilee and Persea, by appointment of the Roman Emperor. Antipas appears to have been a capable ruler on the whole. Like his father, he was fond of building and embellishing cities. He re-built and fortified Sepphoris, his first capital, and a little later erected a new capital city on the west shore of the lake, calling it Tiberias, after the Emperor whose favour he enjoyed. Having secured the banishment of Antipas in A.D. 39, Herod Agrippa I. received the tetrarchy of Galilee, in addition to the territories of Philip and of Lysanias which he had previously obtained. From Claudius (in A.D. 41) he also obtained Judsea and Samaria, thus establishing dominion over all the land formerly ruled by Herod the Great. After Agrippa's death, in A.D. 44, Claudius reverted to the method of government by procurator — a change which greatly displeased the Jews as a whole and especially stirred the animosity of the zealots. Under the administration of the new procurators, the people's patience became exhausted, and in the time of Gessius Florus (A.D. 64-66) the revolt began which ended in the destruction of the Jewish State. In the spring of A.D. 67 Vespasian assembled his army at Ptolemais and began the reduction of Galilee. This was accomplished in the course of the first campaign, despite the courage and per- sistence of the inhabitants. But it was not till after the lapse of another three years that Jerusalem fell (A.D. 70) and the Jewish State was dissolved.
Though the general administration of Galilfean civil affairs lay (till A.D. 44) with the tetrarchs, the details of daily life were regulated by the Jews' own religious laws (DCG i. 633). The Sanhedrin at Jeru-ralem exercised the chief authority, but there were also local 'councils' (Mt 5^ 10^^) which had limited jurisdiction. But, throughout the whole period, over all and influencing all, was the firm rule of Rome.
LrrERATURE.— Artt. in HDB ii. 98-102 (S. Merrill), DCG i. 632-634 (G. W. Thatcher), and PRE^ (Guthe) ; G. A. Smith, UGHL*, 1897, chs. xx.-xxi. ; S. Merrill, Galilee in the Time o/ Chriet, Boston, IShl, London, ISSo ; V. Gu^rin, Description . . . de laPalestine,pt.ni.: 'Galilee,' Paris, 1880 ; F. Buhl, GAP, Freiburg and Leipzig, 1896, §§ lS-19, 68, 113-123 ; E. Schiirer, HJP, 1885-91 (index); E. W. G. Masterman, Studies in Galilee, Chicago, 1909; A. Neubauer, La Geog. du Talrrmd, Paris, 1868, §§ 188-240 ; SWP i. [1861]. A. W. CoOKE.
GALLIO.— Gallio governed Achaia as a proconsul of pnetorian rank. His name was Marcus Annaeus Novatus ; but he was adopted by L. Junius Gallio, a Roman orator, and took his name. He was the elder brother of Seneca the philosopher, to whose influence at court he may have owed his governor- ship. There is no other direct evidence that Gallio governed Achaia than St. Luke's statement (Ac IS'-). But Seneca's reference to Gallio's catching fever in Achaia and taking a voyage for a change of air so far corroborates St. Luke. Gallio came to Corinth, the residence of the governor, during the time of St. Paul's labours there (c. A.D. 50-53).* Angered by the conversion of prominent members of the synagogue, the Jews took advantage of the new governor's arrival to lay a charge against St. Paul which they tried to put in such a serious light as to merit a severe penalty. But Gallio was not so complaisant or inexperienced as they hoped. He elicited the true nature of their complaint, and, cutting short the trial, he abruptlj' dismissed the