A. Berendts, Die Zeugnisse vom Christentum im slavischen 'De Bello Judaico' des Josephus in TU, new ser., xiv. 4, Leipzig, 1906, ' Analecta gum slavischen Josephus,' in ZNTW ix. [1908], pp. 47-70, and 'Die iiltesten ausserchristlichen Nachrichten liber die Entstehung des Christentums,' in Mitteihtngen und Nachrichten fiir die evangelische Kirche in Russland, Ixiii. [1910], pp. 157-173 ; also E. Schurer, ThLZ xxxi. [1906] no. 9 ; R. Seeberg, Von Christus und dem Christentum, Gross- Lichterfelde, 1908, and J. Fray, Der slavische J osephushericht liber die urchristliche Geschichte, Leipzig, 1908. (i) A late Heb. ed. of the 10th cent, written under the name of Josippus or Joseph ben Gorion (Gorionides) : Heb. and Lat. ed. J. F. Breithaupt, Gotha, 1707 ; J. Wellhausen, ' Der arabische Iosippos,'in.4&'y, phil.-hist. Klasse, new ser., i. [1897] ; Trieber, NGW, phil.-hist. Klasse, 1895; J. Winter and A. Wiinsche, Die jiulische Litteratur, Treves, 1896, iii. 309-314 ; E. Schiirer, tiJV i.3. 4 [Leipzig, 1901] 159-161.
n. Works dealing with Josephus and his writings. — (a) Schiirer, GJV i.S-4 74-106 (giving all the important lit.); H. St.-J. Thackeray, in HDB v. 461-473 ; S. Krauss, in JE vii. 274-281. (6) On the OT text used by Josephus: A. Mez, Die Bibel des Josephus, Basel, 1895. (c) On the Haggada : O. Holtzmann, NTZG'^, Tiibingen, 1906, p. 190 f. (d) On Josephus as apologist : P. Kriiger, f'hilo und Josephus als Apoloijeten des Judentums, Leipzig, 1906 ; A. von Gutschmid, lecture on c. Apion. in Kleine Schriften, iv., do. 1893, pp. 336-384. (e) On Josephus as historian : C. Wachsmut, Einleitung in das Studium, der alten Geschichte, do. 1895, pp. 438-449 ; H. Peter, Die geschichtliche Literatur iiber die romische Kaiserzeit, do. 1897, i. 394-401 ; O. Stahlin, in Christ-Schmid, Geschichte der griechischen Litteratur, ii. 1 [^Munich, 1911], pp. 448-456 ; G. Misch, Geschichte der Autobiographie, i. [Leipzig, 1907] 189 ff. ;
B. Briine, Josephus der Geschichtsschreiber, Wiesbaden, 1912, Flavins Josephus und seine Schriften in ihrem Verhdltnis zum Judentume, zur griechisch-rornischen Welt und zum Christen- tume, Giitersloh, 1913. (/) On the sources of Josephus : H. Bloch, Die Qxiellen des Plavius Josephus (Leipzig, 1879), J. v. Destinon (Kiel, 1882) (for Ant. xii.-xvii.), F. Schemann (Marburg, 1887) (for bks. xviii.-xx.), and G. HClscher (Leipzig, 1904) ; H. Luther, Josephus u. Justus von Tiberias, Halle,1910. (fir) On his imitation of Thucydides : J. T. H. Driiner, Unter- suchungen iiber Josephus, Marburg, 1896. (h) On his style : W. Sclimidt, de Flavii Josephi elocutione, Leipzig, 1894. (t) On the testimonium de Christo : cf. Schiirer, op. cit. i. 544- 549 ; A. Goethals, Joshphe tdmoin de Jdsus, Paris, 1910 ; F. C. Burkitt, ' Josephus and Christ,' in ThT, 1913, pp. 135-144 ; A. Harnack, ' Der jiidische Geschichtsschreiber Josephus und Jesus Christus,' in Internationale Monatsschrift fiir Wissen- schaft, Eunst und Technik, vii. [1913] 1037-68 ; K. Linck, De antiq. vet. quae ad lesum Nazareniim spectant testimoniis {Religionsgeschiehtl. Versuche u. Vorarb., xiv. 1 [1913]); E. Norden, Josephus ti. Tacitus iiber Jesus Christus (Neue Jahrbiicher fiir das klass. Altertum, xvi. [1913] 637-666); P. Corssen in ZNTiV, xv. [1914] 114-140. (j) On Josephus and St. Luke : M. Krenkel, Josephus und Lucas, Leipzig, 1894 ; H. H. Wendt, Die Apostelgeschichte^, Gottingen, 1913, pp. 42-45 ; A. Harnack, Neue (Inter suchungen zurApostelgeschichtt {Beitrdge, iv.), Leipzig, 1911, p. 80 ; art't. in JE and ERE.
E. VOM DOBSCHUTZ.
JOSES.— See Barnabas.
JOSHUA (J?^i'T, later yw.% ' Jahweh is deliverance or salvation'). — Joshua, the successor of Moses in the leadership of Israel, was named 'Irjaovs in the LXX and NT, and therefore 'Jesus' in the English AV ; but the Revisers, in accordance with their rule of reproducing OT names in the Hebrew rather than the Greek form, have changed this into 'Joshua.' St. Stephen in his apologia speaks of the fathers entering with Joshua into the posses- sion of the nations (Ac 7"**) ; and the writer of Hebrews, imbued with Alexandrian — i.e. Platonic and Philonic — teachingastothedistinction between visible things and their heavenly ideas, says that the rest which Joshua gave the Israelites, when he led them into the promised land, was after all not
the Rest of God, but only the material symbol suggesting the spiritual reality — the Sabbath-rest which remains in the unseen world for the people of God (He 4«- 9). James Strahan.
JOY. — 1. Context. — Various words correspond in the original to the word ' joy ' of the English Bible, its derivatives and synonyms. The terms x^-po- ^^^ XaipsLv (etymologically allied to x°-P^^^ ' charm,' 'grace') denote pleasurable feeling experienced in the mental sphere. On the other hand, t]5ovtj, TjSeadaL (the verb not found in the NT) largely denote joy in the sphere of the senses. Alongside of this distinction runs the other ditterence that xapa stands for the wholesome, unreflecting joy which occupies itself with the object of its source, whereas ridovf} designates the joy which subjectively dwells on its own sensation. In the NT the latter term is used only sensu malo (Lk S^^*, Tit 3^, Ja 4', 2 P 2^**). The terms ev<ppaiveiv and eiKppocrvvr] describe a genial, pleasurable state of feeling such as is engendered by good fare or some other happy festive condition (usually rendered by ' to be merry,' ' to make merry ' [Lk \2^^ W^- ^^- ^s- 32 leis, Ac2'^« 741 14:7^ Ro 1510/2 Co 22, Gal 4^\ Rev IP" 12'3]). The terms eiiOv/xos, evdvfiojs, eu8v/xeiv are used of hopeful good cheer with reference to the outcome of some situation or undertaking (Ac 24^" 272-- -^- ^^, Ja 5^3). dyaWiaais, ayaWiav stand for the deep joy of exultation, hence are joined by way of climax to x'^'P"'' (Mt 5l^ Lk p-*. 44.47 jq-', Jn 5^5 8^, Ac 228- 48 1634, He P, 1 P l^- s 4^3, Jude ^\ Rev 19^). In still another conception, that of Kavxa-a-dai, the element of joy is an inevitable ingredient, but the word as such denotes a specific state of mind, viz. 'glorying,' the exalted feeling in which the consciousness of the spiritual worth of the religious subject in its association with and subserviency to the glory of God expresses itself (for this concep- tion cf. A. Ritschl, Die christliche Lehre von der Rechtfertigitngund Versohnung'-, ii. [1882] 365-371 ; A. Titius, Die neutest. Lehre von der Seligkeit, ii. [1900] 91-96).