3. The joy of St. Paul.— To be distinguished from this general joy as a common ingredient of all Christian experience is the specific joy which belongs to the servant of God engaged in the work of his calling. Of this joy of ministering, the delight and satisfaction that accompany the suc- cessful discharge of the apostolic task, the NT makes frequent mention. The Pauline Epistles are full of it. The Apostle runs his course with joy (Ac 2024 [some textual authorities here omit ' with joy ']) ; rejoices exceedingly over the obedi- ence of believers (Ro 16'^) ; though sorrowful, yet is always rejoicing in his work (2 Co 6'") j over.
JUD.EA
JUDAIZI^^G
655
flows with joy on account of his converts (2 Co ?■*) ; makes his supplication with joy on their behalf (Pli I'') ; their progress in love and harmony makes full his joy (Ph 2-) ; he rejoices in the prospect of being ottered upon the sacrifice and service of their faith (Ph 2") ; rejoices in his sufferings for their sake (Col 1-^) ; feels that no thanksgiving can adequately express his joy before God on their account (1 Th 3^). Specific developments in his ministry furnish occasion for special joy (1 Co 16''',
2 Co 2^ 7i»- '«, Ph I's 2^8 ; cf. Ac ll-^, He IS'^, 2 Jn \
3 Jn *• *). This joy in ministering coalesces with tlie prospective eschatological joy, inasmuch as in the day of the Lord the results of ones ministry will be made manifest and become for the servant of Christ a special 'joy' or 'crown of glorying' (2 Co V\ Ph 4', 1 Th 213).
Literature. — A. Harnack, The Acts of the Apostles, Eng. tr., 1909, p. 277; Voluntas Dei, 1912, p. 265; H. Bushnell, The tiew Life, 1S60, p. 147 ; R. C. Moberly, Christ our Life, 1902, p. 93 ; j. Clifford, The Gospel of Gla<iness, 1912, p. 1.
Geerhardus Vos.
JUDJEA ('lovdaia, used by the LXX in later books of the ()T [Ezr., Neh., Dan.] instead of 'lov5a, as the translation of niin; or nin;). — Juda?a, the Grte- cized form of 'Judah,' was the most southern of the three districts into which Palestine was divided in the (jreek and Roman periods, the other two being Samaria and Galilee. The territory occupied by the Jews who returned from Babylon was at first smaller than the ancestral kingdom of Judah, but it was gradually enlarged, e.g. by the Macca- ha^an cai)ture of Hebron from the Edomites (1 Mac 5**^), and the cession by Demetrius, king of Syria, of the Samaritan toparchies of Aphajrema, Lydda, and Ilamathaim (11"). According to Josephns {BJ III. iii. 5), Judiea extended from Anuath- Borka^os in the north (identified with 'Aina-Bei-kit in PEFSt, 1881, p. 48) to the village of Jordas (perhaps Tell ' Ardd) on the confines of Arabia in the south, and from Jordan in the east to Joppa in the west. The sea-coast as far as Ptolemais, with the coast towns, also belonged to Judiea.
Josephus (lor. rit.) states that the country was divided into eleven toparchies (roTrapx'fi' or K\-qp- ovx^-o-i), all west of Jordan : Jerusalem, GopJtna, Akrabattn, Thamna, Lydda, Eni/iiau-'i, Pella, Idumea, Engaddi, Herodium, and Jericho. Pliny {HN V. xiv. 70) gives a list •which contains the seven names given here in italics, along with Jopica, Betholeptepliene, and Orine. Schiirer (HJP II. i. [1885] 157) thinks ' we may obtain a correct list if we adopt that of Joseplius and sub- stitute Bethleptepha for Pella.' The division was no doubt made for administrative purposes, and especially for the collection of revenue.
Judiea proper Avas a small country, its whole area not being more than 2,000 sq. miles. Apart from the Shephelah and the Maritime Plain, it was a plateau of only 1,350 sq. miles. But the term was often loosely employed in a more compre- hensive sense. Tacitus says that 'eastward the country is bounded by Arabia ; to the south lies Egypt ; and on the west are Phoenicia and the Mediterranean ; northward it commands an ex- tensive prospect over Syria ' (Hist. V. vi. ). Strabo very vaguely describes Judpea as being ' situated above Phoenicia, in the interior between Gaza and Antilibanus, and extending to the Arabians' (XVI. ii. 21). Herod the Great, who was called the king of Juda-a, certainly had a territory much wider than Juda?a proper. Ptolemy states that there were districts of Judiea beyond Jordan (V. xvi. 9), and it is difficult to obtain any other meaning from ' the borders of Juda-a beyond Jordan ' in Mt 19', though A. B. Bruce thinks ' it is not likely that the writer would describe Southern Pertea as a part of Judaea' (EGT, 'The Synoptic Gospels,'
1897, p. 244). There can be no doubt that St. Luke often extends the term Judiea to the whole of Palestine west of the Jordan (Lk 4*^ [?] 23^, Ac 2^ 10-7 26^»).
After the death of Herod, his son Archelaus became ethnarch of Judfea. He was never really its king, though royalty is implicitly ascribed to him in the ^acnXevei. of Mt 2--, and explicitly in Josephus (Ant. XVIII. iv. 3). He was soon deposed, and from A.D. 6 till the overthrow of the State in 70 Judaea was under procurators, except during the brief reign of Agrippa I. (41-44). The procurators resided in Csesarea (Ant. XVII. xiii. 5; XVIII. i. 1, ii. 1).