LiTEHATiTHE. — Besides the works"alreacly quoted in the body of the article see B. Weiss, Die Quellea dei Lukasevangeliums, Stuttgart, 1907; J.Moffatt,L.Vr, Edinburgh, 1911 ;E.Norden, Agnostos Theos, Leipzig, 1913; R. Reitzenstein, Hellenistische W undererzahlungen, do. 1906 ; E. C. Selwyn, St. Luke the Prophet, London, 1901 ; H. McLachlan, St. Luke — Evangelist and Historian, Londonand Manchester, 1912 ; W. M. Ramsay, Luke the Physician and other Studies in the History of Religion, London, 1908; Th. Zahn, Introduction to the New Testament, Eng. tr., Edinburgh, 1909. K. LakE.
LUKEWARM.— The word occurs only in Rev 3^« • — ' because thou art lukewarm (xXtapos), and neither hot nor cold, I will spew thee out of my mouth.' As tepid water causes nausea, so lifeless religious profession leads to Divine disgust and rejection (cf. Ecce Homo^^, 1873, ch. xiii.). There is greater promise in men who are outside the pale of the Church than in those whose nominal allegiance to religion has created a false confidence, dulled all sense of need, and checked all spiritual growth (v.^^). The following verses (w.^'^- ■**, for the local references of which see art. 'Laodicea' in HDB) suggest that this condition of tepid religion in Laodicea had been fostered by an excess of material prosperity. The Laodiceans had become so com- fortable as not to need God, nor ought God to expect much more than patronage from so con- sequential a community. He must, in human fashion, be on good terms with a church with so satisfactory a worldly status, not inquiring too closely about their spiritual zeal. For an analysis of this lukewarmness see also F. W. Faber, Growth in Holiness, 1854, ch. xxv. H. Bulcock.
LUST.— 1. Linguistic usage.— fl) The English irord ' lii.st.' — The wuid 'lust,' wiiicli, in moVlern Fnglish, is restrictetl to sexual desire, had origin- ally a wider application and could be used de rtcutro and de bono as well as de malo of desire in general, and, as Trench savs, was 'once harm- less enough ' (AT Synonyms^ "187(3, p. 313). The German Lust is still used in this wide sense.
There is no instance in the K T wliere the English word 'lust' is used de houo in the AV unless we supply the word in Cal 5'" — 'the flesh lusteth {iirievixei) against the Sjjirit and the Spirit (lusteth) against the flesh.' The verb is absent in the Greek as in the English. Light foot (on Gal 5^') thinks that iwiOvfj-ei cannot be sujjplied, as it would be unsuitable to describe the activity of the Spirit by this term. But R(>ndall is probably right in saj'ing that the word ^TriOv/xei: here is neutral and equally applicable to the good desires of the Spirit and the evil lusts of the flesh {EGT, 'Galatians,' 1903, in
loc). The Enplisli word ' lust,' however, is scarcely neutral in the AV, and yet, because there is no possibility of misunderstanding, no other verb is supplied to describe the action of the Spirit. Even the RV has not supplied a different verb in the second clause. This is not to say that the Revisers Avould consider 'lust' a fit -word to describe the ■working of the Spirit.
It is true also that the passage in Ja 4' — 'the Spirit that dwelleth in us lusteth to envy ' — is now generally understood of the Indwelling Spirit of God, but it was not so understood by the AV translators. To them it was the evil, envious spirit of man. The Greek verb used here is iimrodelv, which is frequently used in the NT, and always in a good sense. St. Paul uses it of his i;Teat longing to see his converts (1 Th 3^ 2 Co 7'-", 2 Ti 1^ Ph P ; of. also Ro P^ \o-^). They are to him e-Kiirod-q-oL. It expresses the longing of Epaphroditus for the Philippians, and of the Judsean Christians for the Corinthians who had liberally helped them. St. Paul uses it also to express his longing for heaven (2 Co 5-), and St. Peter exhorts his readers to 'desire' the sincere (?) milk of the word (1 P 2^). The LXX uses it of the soul's longing for God (Ps 41^ [EV 42-]). Analogy would thus lead us to suppose that St. James used the word in a good sense. The quotation in which the word occurs cannot be located in the OT with certainty (cf. 1 Co 2^, Eph 5^^) ; otherwise the sense of the word would be beyond dispute. Some suppose that St. James is here quoting St. Paul (1 Co 3^®, Gal 5^'). The most likely meaning of the passage is : ' The Spirit which he caused to dwell in us yearneth (for us) unto jealousy.' The Spirit of God has such a longing desire to possess the whole Christian personality that its passion may well be called holy jealousy. If this be the meaning, the render- ing ' lust ' is erroneous. The RV is not decided on the interpretation, and has substituted 'long' for ' lust.' RVm is probably correct.
There is no passage, then, in the NT where the English word 'lust' is used de bono.
(2) The Greek word e-mdvixe^v and its cognates. — (a) The Greek word iiridvjxdv with its cognates, although as a rule used de malo, is not always so used. It occasionally takes the place of eimrodeLv (1 Th 2^ Ph 1^3, 1 Ti 31, He G^i), which seems always to be used in a good sense. It is used of the desires of the prophets to see the deeds of the Messianic Age (Mt 13'^; cf. also Lk IT"), of the desire of Lazarus to eat of the crumbs falling from the rich man's table (cf. Lk 16'-' 15^^ ; perhaps the desire for food or drink or the sexual desire is the ordinary meaning of the word). It is used by the Saviour to express His desire to eat the Paschal feast with His disciples (Lk 22^=), by St. Paul of the desire for the othce of a bishop (1 Ti 3^), by St. Peter of the holy desires of the angels (1 P 1^^), and, in the substantive form, St. Paul uses it of his desire to depart and be with Christ, which is far better (Ph 1^), and of his longing to see his Thessalonian converts (1 Th 2^^). The LXX also uses it in a good sense (Ps 102^ [EV 103^], Pr 10^^). In all these cases we have iiridvp-eiv translated by the word 'desire.' The word eTrtdvixelv in the Gr. NT is thus much wider than the word ' lust ' in the Eng. NT, and even ' lust ' itself in the AV is not to be restricted to ' sexual desire ' but is used of unlawful desire in general, the context deter- mining its specific application.