Wissenschaften zu Gottingen. GJF=Gesehichte des jiidischen Volkes (Sehiirer). Grimm-Thayer = Grimm's Gr.-Eng. Lexicon of the
KT, tr. Thayer. .ffZ)B = Hastings' Diet, of the Bible (5 vols.). //'£ = Historia Ecclesiastica (Eusebius, etc.). //G^i = Historical Geography of the Holy Land
(G. A. Smith). ///= History of Israel (Ewald). /f>/= Hibbert Journal. //JP= History of the Jewish People (Eng. tr. of
GJV). //i = Hibbert Lecture. ifiV=Historia Naturalis (Pliny). /CG= International Critical Commentary. /5'S= International Science Series. J'j4= Journal Asiatique. </5Z/ = Journal of Biblical Literature. J^J5 = Jewish Encyclopedia. J^/fS=JouiTial of Hellenic Studies. JP/i = Journal of Philology.
JP7'A = Jahrbiiclier fiir protestantische Theologie. JQB = Jewish Quarterly Review. J^S = Journal of Roman Studies. JThSt =JoaTnsL\ of Theological Studies. ir>4T^=Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament''
(Schrader, 18S3). /f./li^ = Zimmern-\Vinckler's ed. of the preceding
(a totally distinct work), 1902-03.
A'/« = Keilinschriftliclie Bibliothek.
/,C'Zi/ = Literarisi,-lies Centralblatt.
iA7'=Introd. to Literature of the New Testament
(Mollatt). L7'=l^ife and Times of Jesus the Messiah
(E<lersheim). MG 1)'./ = Monatsschriftfiir Geschichte und Wissen-
scliaft des Judentums. A^GG = Naclirichtcn der konigl. Gesellschaft der
Wissenschaften zu Gottingen. A^A'Z=Neue kirchliche Zeitschrift. A''2'ZG = Neutestamentliche Zeitgesehichte (Holtz-
mann and others). OED = Oxfo\d English Dictionary. Gr/C= Old Testament in the Jewish Church (W.
R. Smith). Pauly-Wissowa = Pauly-Wissowa's Realencyklo-
piidie. PB = Polychrome Bible. Pa= Primitive Culture (E. B. Tylor). P£F= Palestine Exploration Fund. P£'/''.S< = Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly
Statement. PP^=Realencyklopadie fiir protestantische The- ologie und Kirche. P/S'iJ^= Proceedings of the Society of Biblical
Archaeology. liA = Revue Arcli6ologique. PB= Revue Biblique. REG = Rvvne des fitudes Grecques. A'(;(i-' = Religion in Geschichte und (iegenwart. RHR = ilcvue de I'Histoire des Religions. Roscher = Roscher's Ausfiihrliches Lexikon der
griecli. und rom. Mythologie. as = Religion of the Semites (W. Robertson
Smith). SBA (F=Sitzungsberichte der Berliner Akaderaie
der Wissenschaften. .S'B£ = Sacred Books of the East. Schali-Herzog = The New Schafl-Herzog Encyclo- pedia. SDB = Hastings' Single-vol. Dictionary of the
Bible. ,S£'P = Memoirs of Survey of Eastern Palestine. 5A' = Studien und Kritiken. ^■1KP = Memoirs of Survey of Western Palestine. 77i/,Z = Theol(igische Litteraturzeitung. 77ir=Theol. Tijdschrift. 7'.b' = Texts and Studies. 7'f/ = Texte und Untersuchungen. Wetzer-Welte = Wetzer- Welte's Kirchenlexikon. WH = Westcott-Hort's Greek Testament. ^^7'IF= Zeitschrift fur die alttest. Wissen-
schaft. ZDMG = Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenland-
ischen Gesellschaft. ^7irG = Zeitschrift fiir Kirchengeschichte. ZAir^i = Zeitschrift fiir kirchl. Wissenschaft und
kirclil. Leben. ZNTW = Zeitschrift fiir die neutest. Wissen- schaft. Z7'A' = Zeitsehrift fiir Theologie und Kirche. /(|'J=Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Theologie.
DICTIONARY OF THE APOSTOLIC CHURCH
M
MACEDONIA (MoitESoi'Ia).— This was the land of the Maoedoiies, a Doric brancli of tlie Hellenic stock, whb settled on the banks of the Haliaenion and Axiiis, above the Thermaic Gulf, and };ia(Uially extended their power over the hill-iienples in the N. and W., as well as the lowland tribes which separated them from the sea. Their enlarged country, with its 'vast plains, rich mountains, verdant prairies, extended views, very dill'eront from those charming little mazes of the (ireck site' (E. Eenan, St. Paul, Eng. tr., ISSU, p. S2), was a meet nurse for a successful and comjucr- ing race. Centuries of undisturbed growth gave them a great reserve of moral as well as material strength. ' As for Macedonia, it was probably tlie region the most honest, the most serious, tlie most pious of the ancient world ' (ib. p. 80). And ere long it had the opportunity of showing its quality. When Greece lay weakened by the mutual jealousy of her city-states and consequent incapacity for concerted action, the genius of Philip ot Macedon unified and consolidated a group of free and h.ardy races, fostered their national spirit, and created the most eft'ective fighting-machine known to antiquity. Entering on a splendid heritage, his greater son achieved the conquest of the world (I Mac !'■'). Even a century later, when the Macedonians had to try conclusions with the Romans, whom in many respects they strikingly resembled, their strength and sjiirit were but little impaired, and 'witli a power in every point of view far inferior' Hannibal was 'able to shake Rome to its foundations' (T. Mommsen, The History of Borne, Eng. tr., 1894, ii. 491). But the bravest armies can do little unless they are ethciently led, and at Cynoscephalie (197 B.C.), and again at Pydna (168), the once invincible phalanx was broken .at last.
The conquered nation was disarmed and divided. ' Macedonia was abolished. In the conference at Am|)hipolison the Strymon the Roman commission ordained that the compact, thoroughly monarchi- cal, single state .should be broken \ip into four republican -federative leagues moulded on the system of the Greek confederacies, viz. that of Amphipolis in the eastern regions, that of Thcssa- lonica with the Ch.alcidian peninsula, tli.at of I'dla on tlie frontiers of Tliessaly, and that of Pclagonia in the interior ' (Mommsen, op. cit. p. 5U8). No one was allowed to marry, or to purchase houses or VOL. n.— I
lands, except in his own tetrarchy. The Mace- donians compared llic severance of their country to the laccrat ion and disjointing of a living creature (Livy, xlv. :iU).
It has been supposed that a reference to this partition is contained in Ac 1(5'-, where Philippi is described as irpumj t^s /xeploos Ma\'e5of/as ttoXu, KoXwWa. This cannot mean that Philippi was the lirst city of Macedonia reached by St. Paul, for he had Landed at Nea|iolis. Following Blass, T. Zahn (Introd. to the. NT, Eng. tr., 1909, i. 53:2 f.) there- fore proposes to re.ad irpwTTji, and to paraphrase : 'a city belonging to the lirst of those four districts of Macedonia, i.e. the lirst which Paul touched on his journey.' Rut the interpretation is not plaus- ible. Not only is the suggested detail regarding the Apostle's movements singularly tlat and common- ]p|ace, but it is highly probable that the old division into tetrarchies h,ad long ceased to have more than an antiquarian interest. For the best explanation of the difficult phrase ' the iirst of the district ' see Philippi.