PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
Dictionary of the Apostolic Church — Volume 2
James Hastings · 991,000 words · 974 reading sections
Section 1
Dictionary of the Apostolic Church Dictionary of the Apostolic Church EDITED BY JAMES HASTINGS, D.D. WITH THE ASSISTANCE OP JOHN A. SELBIE, D.D. AND JOHN C. LA.MBEllT, D.D. VOLUA^E H MACEDONIA-ZION WITH INDEXES New York: CHARLES SCRIBXER'S SONS EDiNBnHGii: T. & T. CL.\RK 1918 Messrs. Charles Scribner's…
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Matthias, Place (His Own), Steward. Fletcher (M. Scott), M.A. (Sydney), B.Litt. (Oxon.), B.D. (Melbourne). Prini^i]ial of Wesley College, University of Sydue)', New South Wales, Australia. Preaching, Reading, Shadow, Substance, Teaching. Franks (Rohert Sleiohtholme), M.A., B.Litt. Principal of the Western College, Br…
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Righteousness, Sibylline Oracles, War. Montgomery (W. S.), B.D. Minister of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland at Ballacolla, Queen's County. Prison, Punishment, Rod, Scourging- Stocks, Stoning, Thongs. AUTHORS OF ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME Moss(HiCHARD Waddy), D.D. Professor of Systematic Tlieology in Didsbury Coll…
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Macedonia, Melita, Nazareth, Pergamus, Samaria, Temple, and oilier articles. Strong (Robert), M.A., B.Litt. Minister of the United Methodist Church, London. Man-Stealers, Murder, Robbers of Churches, Robbery, Stealing. Tasker (John G.), D.D. Princijial and Professor of Church History and Apologetics in the Wesleya…
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Wissenschaften zu Gottingen. GJF=Gesehichte des jiidischen Volkes (Sehiirer). Grimm-Thayer = Grimm's Gr.-Eng. Lexicon of the KT, tr. Thayer. .ffZ)B = Hastings' Diet, of the Bible (5 vols.). //'£ = Historia Ecclesiastica (Eusebius, etc.). //G^i = Historical Geography of the Holy Land (G. A. Smith). ///= History of Isr…
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In 146 B.C. Macedonia received a provincial organization, and Thcssalonica was made the scat of government. Including part of lllyria as well as Tliessaly, the jnovince extended from the Adriatic to the .-Egean, and was traversed by the Via Eqnatia, which joined Dyrrhachium and Apol- lonia in the We.st with Amphipolis …
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Literature. — On the subject in general see T. Mommsen, Rum. SlaatsreclU^, Leipzig, 1S88 ; A. H. J. Greenidge, limnan Public Li/e, London, 19U1, chs. iv., viii., x., xi. especialh' ; an admiralile synopsis by B. W. Henderson in A Cumpaniim to Latin Studies-, ed. Sandys, Caiiibridce, 1913, p. 372 1. ; on the relations b…
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C re-supposed by apostolic evangelism, and adum- rated in apostolic writings. Three types of this may be studied in the pages of the KT, viz. the Pauline and the .lohannine (the latter in large measure a development of the f<uiner), and what may be callcil the non-myslical type, as inclusive of the other material (chie…
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Several points should be particularly noticed in this generalized, yet most vivid, transcript from experience. In the first place, St. Paul does not, here or elsewhere, regard the 'flesh' (o-dpf) as essentially evil, but as essentially weak. It is therefore accessible to the forces of evil, attbrding to them an obvious…
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2. Johannine anthropology. — The NT enables us to trace a further development of the Pauline anthropology in that of the Fourth Gospel and the First Epistle of John. ' John,' as Deissmann has said, ' is the oldest and greatest interpreter of St. Paul ' ; his writings form ' the most striking monument of the most genuin…
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3. Non-mystical anthropology. — The apostolic writings other than those of the Pauline and Johannine group hardly supply sufficient data to make a detailed statement of their distinctive con- ceptions of human nature practicable. There are, however, a number of incidental references of con- siderable interest. The psyc…
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LiTERiTDRE.— (a) Relevant sections of the chief works on NT Theology, e.g. those of B. Weiss (Eng. tr., 1882-«3), W. Bey- MAN OF SIN MAN UF SIN schlag (Enj. tr., 1895), H. J. Holtzmann f-1911), J. Bovon (21002-05), G. B. Stevens (1S99). (M Biblical Anthrovolog]/ : J. Laidlaw, The Biblr. Doctrine of ilait-, 1895 ; E.…
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(2) The other and more probable theory, accord- ingly, takes the man of lawlessness to be anti- Christian Judaism coming to a li(!;id in the person of a pseudo-Messiah, and the restraining power to he the Jioinan Empire personified in the Ciesar him- self. It is sometimes objected that under this theory an insuperable …
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2. The Message to the Church of Pergamos (Rev 2'-"") contains the promise that he who overcomes — refusing at all costs to eat things sacrificed to idols — shall be fittingly rewarded by receiving the hidden manna to eat. There is here probably an allusion to the Jewish tradition that, before the Fall of Jerusalem, the…
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Alexandria. , ,, ^ -.t 1 3 With Paul.— Shall we say, then, that Mark returned from his Egyptian journey, his spurs won' He reappears in Paul's favour and serves under his direction. The Gentile Apostle com- mands that welcome be given hira at Colossse (Coi 4M)—ifhe come. Is there just a touch of Pauls old distrust of …
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(1) Temple-slaves (kpdoovXoi.) were branded with some token of the deity worshipped. See Herod, ii. 113 : Iheifi dvBpiJjiruiv ^irt^dXTjrat ariy^aTa ip6., iwurov 5i5oi)s T(jJ ^e(fJ, oi'K ^^eari toOtov a^j/acOaL, also vii. 233 ; Lucian, de Dea Syr. § 59, (TTl^ovTai oi TrdvTci ol /xiv ^s Kapiroi/! ol di is avx^fas ; Philo…
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Deissmann suggests that the stigmata were pro- phylactic against trouble and evil [Bibelstudien, Marburg, 1895, p. 266 f.), but this view is not in harmony with the spirit of the Galatian Epistle in general, and the closing passage in particular. To understand Gal 6" it is necessary to note Gal 18-12. 151. 21M. 412-2",…
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Our Lord greatly raised the conception of mar- riage, even as compared with that of the Jews of the time. It was a Divine institution, which made man and one wife to become one flesh, for God hud joined them together (Mk lO""', Mt lO-"-", quoting Gn '2-''). The primeval marriage, the idea of whicli was obscured by the …
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tions, of which the Apostle does not stoi> to speak. We must always bear in mind that it is a mistake to interpret a biblical passage with reference to the bearmg that it bason later Christian practice ; a disciplinary rule, by its nature, is not intended to be for all time, however suitable it may have been for the Fi…
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The nifjht proeession is perhaps the principal feature of the marriage. The bridegroom goes to fetch the bride at night, as in the parable of the Ten Virgins, and brings her to his house at mid- night (Mt 25"), with lamps — not, according to Edersheim (ii. 455) and Trench (Parables, 248), with torches, as the Roman cus…
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14 MARRIAGE JVLARRIAGE crowned (cf. above), and the bride veiled (Gn 29^ ^ : this is why Jacob ilid not discover Lahan's fraud). 'Vlie frieiiri of the bridftj room (o i^iXos toO mfi^lov, .In 3'-^) is the same as the irapavu^tpio^ or irdpoxos yd/iwy (Aristoplianes, A». 1740) of ancient Greece; lie accompanied the br…
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this is evidently the meaning of Can. of Hippotytus, xvi. [ed. Achelis, § SO], which says that a Christian who has lived with a single (speciali) concubine, who has borne him a son, must not cast her off, i.e. he must marry her. The clause common to these books apparently comes from their lost orioinal, which may not i…
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(6) Mixed mnrriiiges. — The Israelites in the OT had frequently been urged not to intermarry with the heathen nations, especiallj' with the Canaan- ites(Dt7^ ; cf. Nu '25'''-,etc.) ; and mixed marriages were one of the great troubles of I'^zra and Nehemiah in restoring the captivity of the people (Ezr 9'"'-, Neh IS-""-…
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uttered by our Lord? It seems to be a tenable view that they are a gloss by the Evangelist, or by his authority — that Jesus gave the general principle of non-divorce without explicitly naming any ex- ceptions ; and that the first disciples understood adultery to be such an exception, and therefore the exceptive words …
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Where two views are possible, the Church will do well to allow for both. This does not mean that she must necessarily allow divorce for adultery and recognize re-marriage by pronouncing her benedic- tion on it ; but only that she should keep an open mind on the subject, and that different parts of the Church may legiti…
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18 MARTYK MAKTYK unless we hold (with R. B. Raekham, Acts of the Apustle.t, I'Ml) that he pursued Hellenists only, the list of sull'erers must have been very large. Imprisonment, beating, and even death, the Romans presumably conniving, were the penalties incurred (Ac 22^- '»• '»). On this occasion the leaders of th…
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The date of the death of Antipas of Pergamum (Rev 2'^) was, according to legend, in the reign of Domitian, when he was burnt to death in a brazen bull. But the phrase 'in the days of Antipas' suggests a date some years before the words were written, and Antipas was probably killed in some unknown persecution under the …
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vet he had not visited at the date of writing tht Epistle. If the Apostle by the reference 'who bestowed much labour on us' alludes to personal service to himscll, it must have been at some plaie already visited, and the conclusion is unavoidable that Mary had recently settled in Rome. But it is not safe to draw any co…
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In the story of the Apostolic Church as we find it in the N'T the name of Matthew occurs only once, viz. in the list of apostles in Ac P'. Probably he became a preacher to the lost sheep of tlie Imuse of Israel and for the most part confined his labours to the land of Palestine. His name became associated with the Firs…
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MEDIATION, MEDIATOR.— For mediation in paganism and in the OT see W. F. Adeney's art. in HDB. For mediation in the Gospels see L. Pullan's art. in DCG. While no formal discussion of these matters occurs here, one cannot ignore the importance of a full knowledge of the OT teaching and the possible influence of the philo…
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The absence of the later technical terminology in these early addresses is proof of the substantial correctness of Luke's report. The reference to Is 53 ('Servant Jesus') is natural, and has the essence of Christ's mediation, though the idea is not worked out. In his address to the hou.sehold of Cornelius Peter pointed…
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Spirit, not the means for procuring the redemptive grace. Jesus Christ, not baptism and not the Lord's Supper, is the Mediator. St. Paul expressly places baptism on a lower plane than the gospel which he preached (1'°'"), which he could not have done if it had per se saving efficacy or was the means of obtaining the be…
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The aim of Galatians is to show that ' all Chris- tianity is contained in the Cross ; the Cross is the generative principle of everything Christian in the life of man' (Denney, Death of Christ, p. 152). The mediatorial work of Christ is set over against the legalistic bondage of the Judaizing gospel which St. Paul fier…
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24 MEDIATION, MEDIATOR MEDIATION, MEDIATOR ' peace with God through (5id) Jesus Christ, thiou)j;h whom (5i'ou) we have had our access {Trpo(Ta.yuyy)v, ' introduction') by faith into this j,'race' (Ito . ')"•). Tlie reconciliation is accomplished through Christ (v."). We shall obtain linal salvation because Christ ev…
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(rf) The Fourth Group (1 Tim., Tit., 2 Tim.).— The Pastoral Epistles, which in the present writer's opinion may be accepted as genuine, do not contain anything essentially new on this theme. In 1 Ti 1" we read that ' Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners.' In 2"- we have the famous passage, 'one mediator als…
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In 2 P 1' the Greek text toO 9fou i)iiui' Kal cuittj- pos ^lyjffoO XpiaToO (cf. f : rod KvpioO T}fiC}v Kal (Tuttj- pos 'IrjffoO XpiaroC) calls for the translation, 'Our God and Saviour Jesus Christ.' Tiius the deity and redemptive work of Christ are presented. Cf. also ' the knowledge of our Lord Jesus Christ '(1"), ' …
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7. The Johannine Epistles and the Apoca- lypse.— We can see clear teaching about the media- tion of Christ in 1 John : ' The blood of Jesus his Son cleanseth us from all sin' (1'). Here we have the picture of the continuous sacrificial efficacy of the blood of Christ (cf. Hebrews). ' And if any man sin, we have an Advo…
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In apostolic literature the word 'meekness' {TpaiTTis, also found in the form irpatynji or Trpq.&rris, and vpavwaBeia, only in 1 Ti 6" and Ign. ad Trail, viii. 1) is of frequent occurrence. St. Paul uses it eight times and the Apostolic Fathers about a dozen. In 1 Co 4^' it is linked with ' love,' and indicates the for…
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28 MKLITA MELITA 8onal Helper instead of with a dubious process of reasoning;. 3. Significance in Hebrews. — The apparent object of the writer was to mark the adequate and tinal character of the priestliood of Jesus Christ. As a person He is compared with Melchizedelv, whose order of priesthood was confessedly abov…
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MEN-STEALERS MERCY-SEAT 29 The scene of the wreck was about 8 miles N.W. of Valetta, and 5 miles N. of Medina, or Cittii Vecchia, the old capital. The local tradition on the subject is certainly ancient, either dating back to the event itself, or resting on early and reason- able conjecture. The earliest maps of Mal…
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The verb (Xe^u is found in a similar sense in Ro 915. 16 iis«.32^ 2 Co 41, 1 Ti V- '«, 1 P 2'". It is also found of the mercy of man towards his fellow (Ro 12", 1 Co 7^, Ph 2-'). oiKTip/xdt also means ' compassion,' ' pity,' ' mercy,' and with the adj. oiKTippLwv and the verb oiKreipu) is used both of God's compassion…
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The river Chaboras (Khabur), entering the Euphrates from the east near Circesium, marks olf the three divisions of Mesopotamia— (a) the north- ern tracts on its west side, (b) the similar tracts to east of it, and (c) the steppe-land stretching away south to the Median Wall. As to (a), the north- western tracts bore th…
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It will be convenient to divide the metaphors under dis- cussion as follows : — I. New Testament : (1) Acts. (2) Pauline Epistles. (3) Epistle to Hebrews. (4) Catholic Epistles. (0) Revelation. II. Early Christian literature to A.D. 100 : (1) Agrapha. (2) 1 Clement. (3) Odes of Solomon. (4) Didache. 1. In t…
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(4) The family.— 1 Th 2": 'But we, brethren, being bereaved of you for a short season . . .' (d7rop0aHfu, however, is used so widely that, as Milligan says, the metaphor can hardly be jiressed). Another instance of this would be 1 Th 2', where the text is uncertain, ' But we were babes in the midst of you, as when a nu…
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Thence we pass to another metaphor — that of swallowing up (the Greek Karavivu is also used metaphorically by Aristophanes). This passage is a further instance of St. Paul's method of develop- ing one metaphor out of another. 1 Co 7' : 'it is better to marry than to burn ' — the metaphor is obvious. Tit 1'-: 'Cretans…
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For further discussion of the ' Rock ' see E. A. Abbott, The Son oj Man, 1910, p. 648 ; Robertson-Plumraer, 1 Ctrrinthians, p. 201 ; HUB, art. ' Rock ' ; G. W. Otton, in Interpreter. X. [1914] 435-439; G. G. Findlay, in EiiT, '1 Cor.,' 1900, ad loc. ; H. St. J. Thackeray, Relation of .St. Paul to Contevip. Jeivish Thoi…
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i. Catholic Epistles. — (a) The Epistle of James is peculiarly interesting : traditionally, and in the opinion of many modern critics, the work of James, the Lord's brother, it shows many parallels with the Synoptic Gospels. 'The love of nature, the sympathy in all human interests, the readiness to find "sermons in sto…
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As an illustration of the difficulty of interpreta- tion in this book we may take the conception of Antichrist, mentioned only by name in the Epistles of St. John. Here an ancient Babylonian myth, which has passed through various stages and has left traces in the OT, and which is referred to in 2 Th 3, is taken over by…
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General results of study of metaphors. — The above lists, by no means exhaustive, of metaphors in the NT and early Christian literature, show how rich and various was the stock of ideas from which the writers of Christian antiquity drew to illustrate the gospel message with which their heart was aflame. It is obvious t…
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MIDIAN (AV Madian, Ac 7=«).— This was the n.ame of a people broken up into several clans and inhabiting N.W. Arabia. One clan, the Kenites, dwelt near Mount Sinai, and to it Moses fled from Pharaoh (Ex 2'^). Its chief was Jethro (or Keuel), whose daughter Moses married (v.-'). In the days of the Judges they extended fu…
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Miletus is mentioned again in 2 Ti 4-° : ' Trophi- mus I left at Miletus sick. ' This has been regarded as proving that St. Paul, released from his Roman prison, resumed his work in the East, and after all revisited the scene of his pathetic farewell. But many scholars prefer a difi'erent construction. As- suming that …
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2. The verb. — The verb ' to mind ' is used in- transitively, in the sense of to intend or purpose, in Ac 20'» (Gr. MAXpi-Tfs, RV 'intending'). With the same signification 'to be minded' occurs in Ac 27^» (Gr. /SoiiXetrflai), v." (TR ^ovXeOtaOai, WH Pov\e<r8a.i). More frequently 'to mind' (Gr. tppov- etf) is found in t…
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The triplets connected with 5oCXos and Bepdrav are somewhat closely allied. The 5o5\os, ' slave ' or ' bondservant,' is in a permanent condition of servitude to the person whom he serves, and he cannot free himself from it. The Bepairav renders temporary and voluntary service. Botli words may be used of man's relation …
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MINISTRATION MIRACLES 3S ship, the group XftToi'/>7i5s, \eiTovpyla, \eiToiipyeiv is more common. The cliissical use of these words for the renderinp: of pulilic sers'ices, or contribu- tions to the State, at Athens, prepared the way for the religious use ; and it is probahlo that tlie employment of these expressions…
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(6) Turning to the English versions, we are struck by the confusion occasioned by the indis- criminate use of the word 'miracle.' In AV it often represents arineXov (in the singular in Lk 23', Jn 4=\ Ac 4"^- -^, and in the plural in Jn 2"- -' 3° 6" =« 721 9'" 11" 12", Ac 68 8« 15'=, Rev 13" 16'« 19=°) : in these passag…
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(Gal 3», 1 Co 121"- ss-s" 14«). These works, which are instances of trveviiaTiKa or spiritual [gifts], in- clude healings and other ' powers,' speaking with tongues and interpretation of tongues, and pro- phecy. We have it at first hand that the Jews expected such signs of Christian preachers (1 Co I--). The visions of…
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It is answered to what has been suggested here, that this reasoning makes the miracles to be no miracles at all. But this is not a substantial objection, and is based only on the presupposition that miracles are contraventions of nature. A miracle of knowledge implies Divine intervention as much as — nay, more than — -…
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Tliese passages show that healings, especially in nervous cases, continued in the 2nd cent, and later ; but there are indications that even they were not very frequent, and there is no good evi- <len(re of the other miraculous works of wliich we read in the NT being continued. In the Chtirch Orders we read of the bened…
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The conclusion would seem to be that miracles have never been intended to be a direct proof of the truth of the gospel, or of the holiness of those who worked them ; and their absence does not imply want of authority or of saintliness. But when at great crises of the world's history they were worked, they at once arres…
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Mitylene is mentioned only incidentally in Acts (20"). The ship in which St. Paul sailed from Assos to Patara in the month of April lay over- night either in the northern harbour of Mitylene (which Strabo mentions as ij.iyas Kal fiaBvt [XIII. ii. 2]), or else in the roadstead outside. Mitylene was about 30 miles S. fro…
1,031 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1915–1916); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.