For further discussion of the ' Rock ' see E. A. Abbott, The Son oj Man, 1910, p. 648 ; Robertson-Plumraer, 1 Ctrrinthians, p. 201 ; HUB, art. ' Rock ' ; G. W. Otton, in Interpreter. X. [1914] 435-439; G. G. Findlay, in EiiT, '1 Cor.,' 1900, ad loc. ; H. St. J. Thackeray, Relation of .St. Paul to Contevip. Jeivish Thoii[jht,\}. 210; K. Lake, Earlier Epp. of St. Paul, 1911, p. 213 ; C. Clemen, Primitive CItristianity and its iVo/t- Jewim Sources, p. 218 ; see also below, II. 3.
Gal 4^ ; ' held in bondage under the rudiments (RVm 'elements') of the world.' 4": 'how turn ye back again to the weak and beggarly
VOL. II. — 3
ruiliments' (RVm 'elements'). Col 2': 'after the rudiments (KVm 'elements') of the world.' The difficulty here is the exact signilicance of (TToixefa, ' elements ' : it meant in classical (Jreek (1) a letter or syllable (Plato): in the Bible only in Ha 5'-; (2) a shadow of a sundial (in Aristo- l>hanes) : non-Biblical; (3) element (or ground stull) — Plato, Philo, Josephus, Wis 7"; then specially the stars and ]ilanets ; then, as every element has its deity, (4) divine spirit, demon or genius. In Gal. it may be (1) rudiments of religion; (2) physical elements; (3) the attendant deities of the physical elements. It is probably (3), and only if it were (1) would it really be u metaphor.
See for (TToiveta, C. W. Emmet. Galatians, 1912, ad loc. ; J. B. Lightfoot, Galatians^, 1876, ad loe. ; C. Clemen. Primitive Christianity and its Aon-Jeu-ish Sources, pp. 106- 110.
Col 2'^- " : a very difficult passage, where the text too is uncertain. It is related in idea to the last. ' Let no man rob you of your prize by a voluntary humility and worshipping of the angels, dwelling in the things whicli he hath seen, vainly puH'ed up by his Heshly mind, and not holding fast the Head, from whom all the body, being supplied and knit together through the joints and bands, increaseth with the increase of God.' To the student of met.aphors no passage conld be more interesting — lirst comes the metaphor of robbing, then the reference to angel -worship, the second metaplior of dwelling in things seen (or not seen), the third metaphor of being puiled up, the fourth metaphor of holding fast the Head, blended with the hfth of Head and body.
But the crux really is 8. iiipaKCV ifipareiav (so S" ABD* 33* 314 424** L [vt. "■'■] Boh. Eth. Melon. Tert. Orig. etc.) or S p.T) (oiV) ewpaKef (S'^CD''.'^"- GH [Lvt svg] Syr. [vg hi] Aetli. Chr. etc.
Some have propo.sed slightly to emend the text and, dividing the letters dillerently, read : aipa KevepfiaTeiuiv, ' vainly treading the air ' (or ' stepping on emptiness') — a suggestive metaphor ; but there is no necessity to emend. According to Moulton (Grammar of NT Greek, 'Proleg.,' 1908, p. '239), p.ri is ' indisputably spurious,' so we must follow the first reading. This has been elucidated by Ramsay (Teaching of St. Paul in Terms of the Present Day, 1913, p. 288): 'Among a series of very interesting inscriptions from the Sanctuary of Apollo of Klaros was one which instantly arrested attention : it contained the verb "entered " (evefiaTevaeii), describing the performance of some act or rite in the mystic ritual.' The Colossians knew the word in the mysteries. ' As a quoted word, it causes a certain awkwardness in the logical sequence ; but when we take it as quoted and put it within inverted commas, we under- stand that it is like a brick imbedded in the living well of Paul's words' (p. 299).
3. Epistle to the Hebrews He 3= : 'In all
his [God's] house.' oi/cos in the Gospels is used of the Temple, here of the people of God (cf. 1 P 4", 1 Ti 3"). 4'= : The word of God is living, and active, and sharper than any two-edged sword (Siaroixov is lit. 'double-mouthed'). That it 'pierces even to the dividing of soul and spirit' means that it penetrates to the very depths of a man's being. 5'-': 'such as have need of milk' (cf. I P 2% 1 Co 3'-5). Young students were called 'sucklings' by the Rabbis. 6*: 'and tasted of the heavenly gift.' The idea of 'tasting' divine things is from the OT. 6'-': ' the land which hath drunk the rain . . . re- ceiveth blessing ' : cf. Clut. dc Ediic. Piter, iii. and Euri]j. Hceuba, 590-6 ; the idea is ' the free and reiterated bestowal of spiritual impulse' (Marcus
34
METAPHOR
mj:taphor
Dods in EGT, ad loc). 6" : ' anchor of the soul ' : &yKv/>a is used metaphorically in Soph. fr. 612: /iT)Tpl TToiSfs ILyKvpat 0iov, ' children are anchors of life to their motlier.' 7": Jesus is the 'surety of a better covenant ' ; cf. St. Paul's legal metaphors (in his case drawn mostly from slavery). 10" : 'the footstool of his feet' (cf. Ps 110'). lO-^: our hearts are sprinkled from an evil conscience. 12': 'cloud of witnesses,' 'the race.' 12": 'root of bitterness.' 12-'": 'Our God is a consuming fire' (cf. Dt 4« 9^). 13": 'the sacriHce of praise' is the 'fruit of lips.' 13-": the familiar Johannine metaphor of the 'shepherd of the sheep.'