For the manner in which ordinations to the ministry have been conducted in subsequent ages,
reference may be made to the present writer's article ' Ordination ' in EKE.
LiTBKATURE.— H. B. Swete, The Holy Spirit in the XT, London, 190!l. nrt. 'I>;i.\in(,' on of ILimls' in UUB; F. J. A. Hort, The Chrindan Eccletfia, London, 18fl7 (posthumous); tJie various Connnciitdries on Act3 and the Pastoral Kpistles, especially R. B. Rackham, The Acts of the Apo.^lles', Lon- don, 1904 ; C. J. EUicott, Thr: I'a.storal EijlMia uj St. J'aut.do., 185U; H. Alford, The Gm'k TestameittT, do., 1S74 ; H. P. Liddon, St. I'aul's First Epintle to Tirnuthp, do., Ib97.
A. J. Maclean. ORGANIZATION.— See Chuech Government.
ORIGINAL SIN.-See Sin.
OTHO.— Otho is the name most often given to .Marcus Sahiius Otho, who, on becoming Emperor, wasstyled Imper.ator Marcus Otho Ciesar Augustus. He was the younger son of Lucius Saluius Otho and Albia Terentia, and was born on '28th April, .\.D. 32. From his earliest youth he was distinguislied for effeminacy and proUigacy, and became a boon- companion of the Emperor Nero. He married Poppoea Sabina, already the wife of Rufrius Cris- pinus, and mistress of Nero, in order, it is said, that Nero might find her easier of access. Under suspicion of continuing marital relations with her, Otho, who had already held the quiestorship, was given a legate's post in Lusitania, where he re- mained from 59 to 68. The historians are unani- mous that he was an excellent governor. When Galba in 68 revolted against Nei'O, Otho joined him and attended him to Rome, hoping, vainly as it transpired, that Galba would adopt him. En- couraged by an astrologer, who held out to him hopes of Empire, he plotted against Galba and brouglit about his murder {see under Galea). Both the army and the Senate hailed Otho as Emperor on 15th January, 69. In spite of the treat- ment Nero had meted out to him, he liked to be called Nero, and it may be that he was the more welcome to the po])ulace by contrast with the severity of liis predecessor Galba. He was elected one of the consuls for 69. But his reign was short. A new claimant to the Empire arose in the person of Vitellius [q.v.]. Otho marched from Rome to meet him, and was defeated at Betriaoum between Mantua and Cremona (near modern Calvatone). He thereupon committed suicide at Brixellum (modern Brescello, on the right bank of the Po) after having ruled three months (17th April, 69).
Literature. — Ancient authorities are Suetonius (Otho), Plutarch (Olho [ed. London, 1890J), Tacitus (Histories, ii.), Dio Cassius (Ixiv.), etc. Modern works are I'rompofiraphia Imperii Humani, s:ec. i., ii., iii., pars iii., ed. P. de Rohden and H. Dessau, Berlin, 1898, no. 109, p. 168 f. ; and the Histories of the Roman Empire by Duruy, Bury, Schiller, etc. ; A. von Domaszewski, Gesch. der rain. Kai><er, Leipzig, 1909, ii. 86-96 ; E. G. Hardy, Studies in Roman. History, London, 1906, pp. 295-334 ; there is also a valuable comparison of the leading ancient authorities in the same work, 2nd ser., do., 1909, pp. 158-202. A. SOUTER.
OVERSEER.- See Bishop.
PAGAN See Heathen.
PALACE (wpatToipiov, from Lat. prostorium). — St. Paul assured the I'hilippians (1'^) that the fact of his imprisonment had become known, and its cause understood, 'in all the palace' (AV), or 'throughout the whole prsetorian guard' (RV). The interpretation of the phrase ii' SXy rtf irpat-
Tuiplij} has long been a vexed question, and no con- sensus of opinion has yet been reached.
The term 'prffitorium' had an interesting history. In tha early Roman republic, when the prstor (prce-itor, "leader") was the general in the field, the pr^torium was his part of ths camp— the headquarters— with the secondary meaning of a council of war, because this was held in his tent. One of the gates of the camp was called the porta prcetoria, and the general's bodyguard the cohors prcetoria or cohortes prtetorite.
PALACE
PALM
119
In later times of peace, the priotors were the hijrhest Ronmn maifistrates. who, after administering justice for a year in tlie capital, were sent as proprietors to govern the provinces ; and the prajtorium was the official provincial residence, which mifrht chance lo be the palace of a former kinp (as in Mt '27'^, Mk 1616, Jn isa. 33 109 ; cf. Cic. Verr. II. v. 12 [aO]). Under the Empire the cohortes ■pT<Ktori(e were the Imperial bodyf^Harti. As constituted by Augustus, they were nine in number, each with 10(K) men, and one or more of them always attended tlie emperor, whether in Rome or elsewhere. Tiberius made an important and permanent change * by gathering into one camp all the prajtorian cohorts then dispersed over the city ; that, thus united, they uiiglit receive his orders simultaneously, and by continually beholding their own numbers and strength, and by familiar intercourse, conceive a confidence in themselves, and strike terror into others ' (Tac. Ann. iv. 2). The barracks formed a rectangle of 39 acres, and some parts of the ramparts, embedded in the later walls of Aurelian, can still be seen near the Porta Pia. The pnetorians were recruited voluntarily, in Italy or in Italianized districts. They had better pay and shorter service than the regular army. On retiring each soldier received a bounty amounting to about £200. In the 2nd cent, the prjetorian cohorts became ten in number, and in the time of Septimius .Severns they consisted practically of barbarian sol- diers, who were constantly in conflict with the people of Kome. The Pnetoriau Guard was suppressed by Constantine in 312.