LrTERATURR. — See Commentaries on Eph 4^, esp. J. A. Robinson (1803) and B. F. Westcott (1»06); A. Harnack, The Mission and Expansitm of Christianity", Eng. tr., lyOS, i. 330-346. A. PLUJIMER.
PASTORAL EPISTLES.
Titus, Epistles to.
-See Timothy and
PATARA (IlaTapa, neut. pi.). — Patara waa a maritime city in the S.W. of Lycia, about 6 miles
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PATIENCE
PATiENCE
S.E. of the mouth of the Xanthus. For classical writers it had a romantic interest as a home of Apollo (Herodotus, i. 18'2), wliiise temple and oracle there were only less famous than those at Delphi : ' Pata.rxan Apollo who haunts the thickets of Lycia' (llor. Od. ill. iv. (34). Its more practical importance was two-fold ; it served as a seaport for the fertile Xanthus valley, including' the splen(li<l city of that name ; and it lay on the highway of ships trading between the /Egean and the Levant or Egypt. St. Paul did an ordinary thing when he changed ships at Patara (Ac 21'-). The coaster in which he had sailed from Troas had either reached her destination or else was about to continue her course along the south coast, whereas larger vessels bound from Lycia for Syria struck right across the high sea, passing Cyprus on the left (v.^). Ships coming in the opposite direction usually found the straight course too ditlioult on account of the prevailing westerly wind, and had to keep closer to shore, passing Cyprus on the left, and making not for Patara but for Myra, about 30 miles to eastward (27°). Patara derived an ample revenue from the vast traffic between the /Egean coast and Alexandria. Ptolemy Phila- delphus enlarged and improved the city, calling it ' the Lycian Arsinoe ' in honour of his wife, ' but the old name prevailed' (Straho, Xiv. iii. 6). Patara was the reputed birthplace of St. Nicholas. The harbour is now 'an inland marsh generating poisonous malaria ' (T. A. B. Spratt and E. Forbes, Travels in Lycia, Milyas, and the Cibyratis, 2 vols. , 1847, i. 32). There are extensive and well-preserved ruins, including a triumphal arch with the in- scription, 'Patara, the metropolis of the Lycian nation.'
Literature.— F. Beaufort, Earamania, 1817 ; C. Fellows, Accoinit of Discoveries in Lycia, 1841 ; O. Benndorf and G. Niemann, Heisen in sildwestlichen Kleinamen, vol. i. ; ' Reisen in Lykien und Karien," ISS^l ; Slurray'a Handbook of Asia Minor, 1895. JamES StRAHAN.
PATIENCE.— The virtue of patience occupied a great place in the apostolic writings. We have two Greek words to consider, which are thus trans- lated : (1) iiroiJ.ovri (vb. inroixivu), (2) irnKpoBujila (vb. ^a.Kpodv^4tj3).
1. moixovri is the more important word. It is found only in later Greek, and answers to the classical Kaprepia, KapTipT)<n.^, with the meaning of holding out, enduring. The word, however, princi- pally belongs to biblical and Patristic Greek, into which it was introduced by the LXX, where it translates various Hebrew words signifying ' hope,' a virtue very closely connected with endurance, as being its basis or ground. Cremer says {Bibl.-Theol. Lex. of NT Greek', En^. tr., 1880, p. 420) of uiroiiovh : ' It denotes the peculiar psychological clearness and definiteness which hope attains in the economy of grace, by virtue, on the one hand, of its distinc- tive character excluding all wavering, doubt, and uncertainty ; and, on the other, in coniformity with its self-assertion amid the contradictions of tliis present world.'
The connexion of patience {vwonov^) with hope is brought out in such passages as Ro 8=°, 2 P 3'=, Col I"-'-. Its connexion with tlie contradictions of life appears in Ro 5'- *, Ja 1'- * ; cf. also 2 Th l-*. He 10'« 12', Rev 2- =*■ m, 2 P l*.
The Book of Revelation in particular emphasizes the need of endurance, written as it is in view of the persecution of the Church by the Roman State (cf., further. Rev P 13>« 14'=). Particular expres- sions which call for note are 2 Th 3', inrofiofrj Xpiarou, ' the patience which waits for Christ,' i.e. for the Messianic salvation ; Rev 3'°, 6 \6yos t^s i^Tro^uoj'^s P.OV, ' the word which treats of patient waiting for me,' i.e. the word of prophecy.
Interesting also is Ro 15", where God in called ' the God of patience' (o dedi ttjs inro/tor^j), i.e. the God who inspires patience through the prophetic words of Scri])ture (cf. v.*) ; see, further, for inronov-fi, 2 Co 1« 12'-, 1 Ti 6", Tit 2=.
The similarity of atmosphere between the NT and the Apostolic Fathers makes it natural that we should find similar reference to patience {yTrop-ovfi) in them. 1 Clem. v. 5-7 is particularly interesting, where, after St. Peter and the other apostles, St. Paul is set forth as an example of patience : ' By reason of jealousy and strife Paul by his example pointed out the prize of patience. After that he had been seven times in bonds, had been driven into exile, had been stoned, had preached in the East and in the West, he won the noble renown which was the reward of his faith, having taught righteousness unto the wliole world and having reached the farthest bounds of the West ; and when he had borne his testimony before the rulers, 60 he departed from the world and went into the holy place, having been found a notable pattern of patience.' Cf. also 1 Clem. Ixii. 2, Ixiv. ; Hernias, Mnnd. viii. 9 ; Ep. Barn. xxi. 5 ; finally Polyc. Philippians, viii. 1. 2, 'Christ Jesus . . . patiently endured (Inriixeivcv) all things for our sakes, that we may live in Him. Wherefore let us become imitators of His patience (inrop.ovTis)' ; xi. I, 'I exhort you all therefore to obey the word of righteousness and to practise all patience, which you saw before your eyes not only in the blessed Ignatius and Zosimus and Rufus, but also in others of you and in Paul himself and the rest of the Apostles.'