Among general works one might also mention treatises on the Apostolic Age : J. V. Bartlet, The Apostolic Aye, Edin- burgh, 1900 ; G. V. Lechler, Das apostol. und nachapcstol. Zeitalter, Karlsruhe, 1886 (Eng. tr., 2 vols., Edinburgh, 1886) ; A. C. McGiffert, A History of Christianity in the Apostolic Age'', New York, 1899 ; O. Pfleiderer, Das Urchrixtentum, seine Schriften und Lehren^, 2 vols., Berlin, 1902 (Eng. tr., Primitive Christianity, 4 vols., London, 1906-11); G. T. Purves, Christianity in the Apostolic Age, London, 1900 ; J. H. Ropes, The Apostolic Age in the Light o/ Modem Criticimi, do., 1906 ; C. von Weizsacker, The Apostolic Age'^, Eng. tr., 2 vols., do., 1897-99; and works on NT Theology: W. Beyschlag, Neutestarnentliche Theologie (Eng. tr., 2 vols., Eilinliurgh, 1895) ; J. Bovon, Thiologie du NT-, 2 vols., Paris, 1902-06 ; P. Peine, Theologie des N'T, Leipzig, 1910 ; E. P. Gould, The Biblical Theology of the NT, New York, 1900; H. J. Holtzmann, Lehrbuch der neutestamentlichen Theologie'^, 2 vols., Tubingen, 1911 ; E. Reuss, History of Christian Theo. logy in the Apostolic Age, 2 vols., London, 1872-74 ; G. B. Stevens, The Theology of the NT, Edinburgh, 1899 ; H. Weinel, Biblische Theologie des NT, Tubingen, 1911 ; B. Weiss, Lehr- buch der bibl. Theologie des NT^, Berlin, 1880 (Eng. tr., 2 vols., Edinburgh, 1882-83).
Sjtecial discussion of the Petrine literature will be found in P. J. Gloag, Introduction to the Catholic Epistles, Edinburgh, 1887, pp. 109-255 ; E. Scharfe, Die petrinische Strimiung der neutestamentlichen Litteratur, Berlin, 1893 ; F. H. Ctiase, artt. 'Peter, First Epistle' and 'Peter, Second Epistle,' in HDB iii. 779-818 ; O. Cone, art. ' Peter, the Epistles of,' in EBi iii. 3677-3686 ; F. Sie£fert, ' Petrus der Apostel,' in PRK^ XV. '2U3-212 ; A. Hamack, Die Chronologic der altchristlichen ii»i;r(j(ur, 2 vols., Leipzig, 1897, L 460-476 ; K. Henkel, Der zweite Brief des Apostelfiirsten Petrus gepriift auf seine Echt- heit, Freiburg i. B., 1904 ; B. Weiss, Dererste Petmsbrief und die neuere Kritik, Grosslichterfelde, 1906 ; H. Grosch, Die Echtheit des zweiten Brief es Petri?, Berlin, 1911.
The chief modern commentaries, many of which contain full bibliographies, are C. F. Keil, Commentar iiber die Briefe des Petrus und Judas, Leipzig, 1883 ; F. Spitta, Der zweite Brief des Petrus itnd der Brief des Judas, Halle, 1885 ; J. M. Usteri, Wissenschaftlicher undpraktischer Commentar utier den ersten Petrusbrief, Ziirich, 1887 ; R. Johnstone, The First Epistle of Peter, Edinburgh, 1888 ; H. von Soden, * Briefe des Petrus,' in H. J. Holtzmann's Eand-Eommentar zuin NT', Freiburg i. B., 1892, iii. 109-168, 192-211 ; A. H. de Hartog, Eorte aante- keningen op de brieven van dert apostel Petrus, Amsterdam, 1894 ; J. T. Beck, Erkldrunq der Briefe Petri, Giitersloh, 1896 ; E. Kiihl. Die Briefe Petri und Judas, Gottingen, 1897 ; F. J. A. Hort, Tin. First Epistle of St. Peter I. l-II. 17, London, 1898 ; J. Monnier, La Premi'ere epltre de l'ap6tre Pierre, Paris, 190O ; C. Bigrg, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistles of Peter and Jude, New York, 1901 ; O. Cone, International Handbooks to the NT, New York, 1901, iii. 297- 342; J. M. S. Baljon, Cominentaar op de katholische brieven, Utrecht, 1904 ; J. B. Mayor, The Epistle of St. Jude and the Second Epistle of St. Peter, London, 1907 ; H. Gunkel. on 1 Peter, in J. Weiss, Die Schriften des NT', Gottingen, 1908, ii, 629-671 ; G. HoUmann, on 2 Peter, ib. ii. 682-696 ; J. H. A. Hart, BGT, "The First Epistle General of Peter,' London, 1910, pp. 1-80; R. D. Strachan, EGT, 'The Second Epistle General of Peter,' do., 1910, pp. 83-148 ; H. Windisch, ' Die katholischen Briefe erkliirt,' in H. Lietzmann's Haiidbuch zum NT, Tubingen, 1911, iv. 2; R. Knopf, Die Briefe Petri und Judd, Gottingen, 1912 ; G. Wohlenberg:, Der erste und zweite Petrusbrief und der Judashrief, Leipzig, 1915.
S. J. Case.
210
PHAKAOH
PHARISEES
PHARAOH, PHARAOH'S DAUGHTER. — The
term ' I'liaruoh' was an lioiiorary title of tliekin^s of E^ypt. In bililioal liistory several Pharaohs are met with, especially in connexion with Abraham, Joseph, and Moses. In the NT there are some interesting references. Thus in his speech (.^c 7) St. Stephen proves God's care for Joseph and ISIoses by the conlidence Pharaoh placed in the former, and the protection !L,'iven to the latter by the daiif,'hter of the reignin" king. The writer of Hebrews (11-*) linds in the story of Moses who ' refused to become the son of Pharaoh's daughter' an outstanding instance of faith refusing this world's glory for the better part. St. Paul in his great argument for election in Romans (ch. 9) gives the Pharaoh of the Exodus as an illustration of God's absoluteness in dealing with men. ' Just as the career of Moses exhibits the Divine mercy, so the career of Pharaoh exhibits the Divine severity, and in both cases the absolute sovereignty of God is vindicated ' (Sanday-Headlam, ICC, ' Romans'", Edinburgh, 1902, on 9"). J. W. DuNCAN.
PHARISEES.— The Pliarisees (DTn?, ^apiaam) were a religious sect among the Jews, probably originating in Maccabsean times.
1. The name. — P'rushim has generally been in- terpreted to mean ' separatists.' In a recent work, liowever, Oesterley suggests another view. He points out that the Pharisees were the popular party ; that one of their precepts was, ' Separate not thyself from the congregation,' and that they reproached the Sadducees as the separatists. He finds it more probable that the name means ' expounders. ' In support he quotes Josephus, who says of the Pharisees that ' they are those who seem to explain the laws with accuracy' {BJ II. viii. 14), and asserts that in Rabbinical litera- ture the root p-r-sh is constantly found used in the sense of ' e.xplain,' 'expound,' or ' interpret,' in reference to Scripture which is explained in the interests of the Oral Law (Oesterley, Books of the Apocrypha, p. 131 f.). The view is certainly in- teresting and worth consideration. But it seems to the present writer that all the arguments by which it is supported admit of an easy answer, and that the balance of probability inclines to- wards the familiar view that ' Pharisee ' means 'separatist.'