II Exp, 7th ser., iii. 322, 631, n. 3 ; BDB i. 207.
H Lv 16 ; UDB i. 207 ; Exp. 7th ser., iii. 632 ; ExpT xxiv. 9 ; ERE ii. 282, iv. 598 ; cf. Bar 4".
•♦ Ex/i, 7th ser., iii. 331 ; ERE iv. 670, 695 ; Dt 32", Ps lOff" ; Edersheim, LT* ii. 760.
tt Exv, 7th ser., iii. 322 ; BDB i. 681>.
tl Hitzig, quoted by A. Kuenen, The Religion of Israel, Eng. tr., 1. [London, 1874] 94 ; see also JE iv, 515 ; Daviea, Magic, Divination, and Demonology, pp. 96, 103 ; J. J. S. Perowne, The Book of Psaltm, 2 vols., London, 1883-86, ii. 266 ; Japp, Some Heresies dealt with, p. 26 ; IL G. Tomkins, Studies on the Times of Abraham, do., 1878, p. 149 ; Sayce, HL, pp. 441, 460, 463 ; Exp, 7th ser., iii. 322, iv. [1907] 135 ; HDB i. 0U>>, 691, V. 617; EREiv. 598.
§§ ERE iv. 671, 698; HDB i. 690, iii. 122, v. 618, 653; A. Reville, The Devil-. Eng. tr. , London, 1887, p. 10 ; T. K. Chcyne, The Prophecies of Isaiah*, do., 1886, i. 197 ; Sayce, BL, p. 145 ; G. Maspero, The Davm of Civilization^, London, 1896. p. 632; E. Schrader, The Cuneiform Inscriptions and the OT, Eng. tr., 2 vols., do., 1886-88, ii. 811 ; Exp, 7th ser., iv. 142, 8rd ser., vi. [1887] 460; Ps 916.
nil Exp, 7th ser., iii. 323.
Ht To 6ia 3ti" 6-8 ; HDB i. 125^ 172i>, iv. 40S'>, 989* ; Exp, 7th ser., iv. 135 ; DCG i. 439 ; ExpT ii. [1890-91] 208, xi. [1899-1900J 258 ; J. H. Moulton, Early Jlvlii/iuus Poetri/ of Persia, Cambridge, 1911, pp. 68, 77; Revilic, The DeviP, p. 18; H. Schultz, OT Theology, ii. 280 ; ERE iv. 600''.
250
POSSESSION
POSSESSION
tions ai-e not wanting tliat certain words which later came to si^'iiifj' calamities were ori;;iiially the ^leInll^^s who ciiuseil the calamities. Such were 32t, 'the .smiter,' the ileadly hot wind of mid-day ; •■,!(■] and ly-i -JJ, the demon of destroying flame ; * npiS;;, a vampire, a hloodsncking demon. t Such demons resemhle and appear as either wild beasts or imaginary hybrid monsters.J Satan was identilied with a serpent. 'The zoology of Islam,' as has been well said, 'is at once a demonology,' and the remark need not be conlined to that religion. § While originally the belief in such demons may have been caused, partially or wholly, by the sudden or mysterious appearance or action of animals, the spirits gradually came to be looked on as assuming the appearance of certain aniraals.H Thus, when the Shunamniite solemnly conjures the daughters of Jerusalem by the wh'fi and the ninjs (Ca 2' 3') she was doubtless referring to the faun-like spirits of the wild.lT The continuous and persistent efforts of the prophets to extricate Jahweh from the other gods and to exalt His power and importance in- evitably diminished those of the demons ; and, as His holiness and goodness became clearer, their malevolence became more marked.** The con- tinuous prevalence of and belief in demonomania becomes clearer still when we recall (a) the names given to the art of dealing with the demons, as Dp,^, ' divination," tt 09i?P, ' divination,' tt PCJ, ' enchanfi- ment,'§§ .Tinp, 'sorcery,' II II I??, ' incantations '; HIT {b) the terms indicating the practice of such arts, as ;}iy, 'to use hidden or magical arts,'*** such as those common among the Philistines ; ijrr, 'to tie magical knots,' ttt issv, ' to twitter,' with its corresponding name for the practitioner, d'ssbsdh ; ttt {») the various kinds of practitioners whose business it was to deal with spirits, as D-nerr'?? e'i'i, ' necromancers ' ; D'jS'i', 'knowing ones,' or wizards ;§§§ o':nn, 'those wlio mutter' ; |||||| d'bk, ' whisperers' ;inni 3iN, those who maintain communion with the dead, cause them to return, and through intercourse with them deliver oracles, speaking low as if out of the ground. Con-
* Ps 918, i„i, SaLnonov iJLeiTrilJ.Ppivov ; Dt 32*1, I3 282, Hqs 13'4 ; Exp, 7th ser., iii. 332 ; F. W. Farrar, Life 0/ Christ, London, n.d., p. ISO ; Exp, 7th ser., iv. 146 ; W. St. Chad Boscawen, British Museum Lectures, London, n.d., iii. 9 ; JE iv. 515.
t Dt 3221, Job 67, Ps 76-' 78«, Ca 88, Hab 3' ; Exp, 6th ser., V. [1897] 403 ; PEFSt xxx. [1898] 269, xlvi. [1914] 141 ; HDB L 451, ii. 418, V. 618; ERE iv. 598.
! Pr 3015 ; ERE iv. 696 ; HDB ii. 418», iii. 210l>, v. 618» ; JE iv. 516 ; W. Eobertson Smith, OTJC, Edinburgh, 1881, p. 122, but cf. 2nd ed. (do., 1892), p. 111. For 13^, the demon ot plague in Lv 2625, see JE iv. 615 ; PEFSt xlvi.'lil. § Exp, 7th ser., iii. 329 f. For other examples see p. 529. II lb. p. 535. U ERE iv. 698. *• Exp, 7th ser., iii. 322.
tt Ezk 136, etc. Its cognates are DPi?, ' to divine ' (Dt ISlo- 14 etc.), a rite practised by strangers and by Balaam (Is 62, Jos 1322), and D'DPp (Dt IS"), the practitioner ot such an art ; see EBi i. 1119. It Kzk 122-1 ia a kindred term.
§§ Nu 2323, etc., a word connected with divination by serpents, with its verb vr\\, to practise such enchantments ; Lv 192t>, etc. ; Exp, 7th ser., iii. 640 ; and ]Wnj, one who practises such divina- tion, occurring only as a proper name in Ex 623.