It is also used by Clem. Rom. Ep. ad Cor. i. 5, vwoaorTjs fifM^eior ; cf. Marl. Piilt/r. 17, and Tatian, ad Orac. 33. The word occurs in its Latin dress, hravitim or brabium, in Tertullian, in the tr.ins- lation of Iren:eus, and in the Latin versions of the Scriptures. In 1 Co 9=», 2 Ti 4', Ja l'^ I P 5*, Rev 2'" 3" the word used is rriipayo!, tueaning ' wreath ' or ' garland,' such as wjis given as a prize to victors in t he public games {Grimm-Thayer, *. I'. ), whilst in 2 Ti 2* the verb rre<payoi-rai is u>ed with the same reference. That the metaphor was borrowed from the Greek games is evident from 1 Co 9^^, where not only is mention made of ol (r (rraSiif Tpixorrn, but the ipffapris crrt<paro< won by the successful competitor in the games is contrasted with thedipflopTos (rriiparos aiuietl at by the Christian.
The nature of the iipt>aproi trriiparot set before the Christi.'ui is further defined in tlie XT. In 2 Ti 4' it is described as 6 Trjs dtKtuoavnji aT^tpayos, * the crown or garland which belongs to, or is the due reward of, righteousness ' ; in Ja 1" and Rev 2" as Tw <rr4<parov rrji jaiiis, ' the crown or garland which consists of eternal life ' (cf. 1 Ti 6'-) ; and in 1 P 5* as rbr afiafxii'Tivof ttjs S6^t}S (rri^xwor, ' the crow-n or garland consisting of glory which will never fade,' in contrast to the garlands of ci\it'or, olive, laurel, or pine won by the competitors in the games, which withered sooner or later, ^pa^c'uw is described in Ph 3" as ri ^pa^ierop rrjs iru «:\i)<reii)j roO SfoO er XfMTTif' Iriffoi; ' the prize of God's high call in Christ Jesus' (J. Motfatt, The Xetc Tivtamcnt: A Xeto Translation', London, 1914, ad loc.).
That the prospect of winning this prize is a legitimate motive in inciting the Christian to exert himself to the utmost in the Christian iyar and Sodaos is implied in 2 Ti 4"- *, where it is evident that St. Paul was inspired to fight the good fight, to finish the course, to keep the faith, by the hope of having t6>' t-^s 5i)t<u<wir7)s trrioaror liestowed on him by the righteous Judge at that day : and it is explicitly asserte^l by him in 1 Co 9^"^ and Ph 3'^-". In 1 Co ff^-S' St. Paul, taking the foot-race as his illustration, says in effect to his readers, ' It is not enough merely to run — all run ; but as there is only one who is victorious, so you must run. not with the slowness of the many, but with the energy of the one' (Stanley, ad he). 'In the Christian race there is no competition. The prize is within the reach of all. But then each runner must be as much in earnest as though there were competition and only one prize. And this is what the Apostle expresses. He does not s;xy "run so — in such a way — as to obtain " — but, " run so — as those runners run — in order that ye may obt-ain." In their case there is rivalry, and therefore they are in earnest. In your cjvse there is no rivalry ; but their earnestness of purpose is an example to you ' ( Howson. .!/> /'i- phors of St. Paid. pp. 151. \52\ When St. Paul adds (y.'*), ' They do it to win a f.iding crown, we do it for an unfading,' he makes still clearer the reference to the Greek games, and also the legi- timacy of the desire for the prize as a motive to Christian exertion. According to his teaching in this passage the hope of the prize conduces to earnestness of purpose, self-restraint, definiteness of aim, .and persevering effort. The same truths are expressed in Ph 3'-"", where, speaking of him- self, St. Paul says, ' I press on, if so be that I may apprehend that for which also I was apprehended by Christ Jesus. . . . One thing I do, lorgetting the things w hich are behind, and stretching for- ward to the things which are before, I press on toward the goal unto the prize [SpaSetor) of the high calling of God in Christ Jesus,' where the imagery and terminology are plainly Inirrowed from the Greek games, more particularly the foot-race, and where the prospect of the ^paSuor nerves the Apostle to press on and reach forward toward the goal. In
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agreement with this is Rev '2'", where the hoiio of reeoivin:; rdr <Tr^(pavov ttJs s"w»Js is !)oIii out a^i a roa^^on for being faithful unto ileatli ; ami also IJev 3", whore the angel of the CImrch in rhilaileliihia is exhorted to hold fast ' that whieh tliou hast, that no one t«ke thy crown' {rdv ar^ipaidv aov). Tims all the passages in the writings of the Apostolic Clmroli in which reward is represented as a prize {^(yaSdof) or garland of victory ((rr^^oros) uniformly teacli that the hope of winning the prize or garland is a legitinuite motive in stimulating the Cliristian to greater earnestness and faithfulness and perse- vering eli'ort.
LiTKRATCRK. — O. Scyflert, Diet Chss. Ant., ed. Neltloship ami SiiiuJvs, Loiuion, 1!H>2 ; Liddell and Scott's Gr,-Kii'j. I.ex,, Oxford, IStS: GriinmThayer, (.'r.-A'iij;. Lri. of the STi, Editi- bunrli, 18^)0 ; J. B. Ligrhtfoot. Apostolic Fathers, pts i. (LiOiidon, 1S90] vol. ii. : R. Mackintosh, art. ' RewaM ' in DCG ; h'rp, 2nd ser., i. [ISSl] -101, 7th sor., x. H910| ar, 224 : W. J. Cony- beare-J. S. Howson, The Lifeami Epistlesof St, Paul, I^iidon, 1S70, vol. ii. ch. XX. ; J. S. Howson, Metaphors of St. Paul, do., 1S70 ; Conini. on jvissaires quotett, esp. A. P. Stanley, The Epistles of St. Paul to the CoriiitAi<iiis3, do., 1S66, where notes on 1 Co 9-*-^ are of special value.