LiTF.RATi-HE.—S. Cot, Sn/rafor jWi/ii(ii, 1877; F. W. Farrar, Kfrynul IlofH', ]S7S : O. Riemann. />i> Lehre von dfr Apokata- stasi.'i, Issit ; S. D. F. Salmond, Chriiitian Doi-.l.riuf. of hnvior- talily, 1SU5, pp. 44!) IT., 64211.; ortt. ' Restoration ' in UDB, ' Apokatastasis' in P/iKS. J. C. LaMBKRT.
322 KESTORATION OF OFFENDERS
RESURRECTION
RESTORATION OF OFFENDERS.-In the disci- pline <if the Apostolic Church the restoration of the oll'ender was the main idea and that of punish- ment subordinate. Even excommunication was not hnal, if the expelled member, conscious of guilt, was led to repentance and reformation. The Christian Church has the right and the authority toailniit, to exclutle, to re-admit suitable persons to its privileges. This is seen clearly in the case of the ('iiriiithian olionder ('2 Co 2'-").
A general rule is laid down in Gal 6' — ' Brethren, even if a man be overtaken in any trespass (' flag- rante delicto'), ye which are spiritual, restore (kot-- a/jrifcTc) such a one in a spirit of meekness ; look- ing to thyself, lest thou also be tempted.' Bengel, in his comment upon the word ' brethren,' says, ' a whole argument lies hidden under this one word ' (cf. Gal 3" 4'- 6'"). Some {e.g. Lightfoot) think that the Corinthian case was before the mind of St. Paul. Others (e.g. Ramsay) reject this idea.
KaTaprl^ui (to make dprios, ' lit,' ' sound,' ' com- plete') is a surgical term used of setting a broken bone or a dislocated joint. It may be used to refer to the repair of material or spiritual damage ; e.rj., mending nets (Mt 4-', Mk f ) ; setting up walls (Ezr 4'-) ; removing State factions (Herod, v. 28); righting spiritual calamity (Gal 6'). Spiritual restoration is gradual, but it may become complete. All the powers of the sinner may be combined harmoniously, all defects supplied, all faults amended, so that the restored one is fitted perfectly for service (1 Co l'» <^'- 1 Th 3'», He 10= H^ 13-', 1 P 5'» ; cf. Lk 6", Herod, v. 106. See Eph 4", Kar- aprtcrnis ; 2 Co 13", KardpTKris, Vulg. consumniatio ; cf. Ign. Eph. 2, Pliil. 8, Smyrn. 1, Mart. Ign. 4). As the many members of the body in each believer must be fitly framed together, so believers themselves must be brought into harmonious relationship in Christ's body the Church, and this mainly through the duly appointed ministers of the Church (Eph 4"- '-). ' The enumeration is not of classes of persons or formal offices, but of classes of functions, is Hort's comment on Eph 4" {The Christian Ecclesia, 1897, p. 166).
This work must be carried out by the spiritual (o! irvevfiaTiKoi ; cf. 1 Co 2''' "> 3'), believers in general as well as the ministry. It must be done ' in the spirit of meekness,' which will counteract any tendency to vainglory or feeling of superiority. Here ' irveviia seemsiimmediately to refer to the state of the inward spirit as wrought upon by the Holy Spirit, and ultimately to the Holy Spirit as the inworking power ; cf. Ro \* 8l^ 2 Co 4'^ Eph 1", in all winch cases irvcS/ia seems to indicate the Holy Spirit, and the abstract gen. the specific Xipiffjua^ (C. J. Ellicott, on Gal 6').
Thedoctrineof the linal restoration of all offenders cannot be based upon texts of Scripture. Upon this point there is an almost general agreement. Those who advocate this theory base it upon other foundations th.an biblical texts which deal with the subject of restoration in general or the restora- tion of offenders in particular.
H. CaRISS J. SlDNELL.
RESURRECTION. — /. General considera- tions.— The resurrection of Christ does not fall to be di.scussed in this article, the next article being devoted to it. Nevertheless it will be irapo.ssible to treat of the Pauline view of resurrection with- out some discussion of his attitude towards the nature of Christ's resurrection. St. Paul is practi- cally the only NT writer who has really worked out the problem of the resurrection on the basis of the resurrection of Christ. It will be necessary to show how much he has in common with the Jewish apocalyptic writers of the 1st cent. A.D. in his attitude towards the problems of the resurrection, and also how far he has introduced new elements
and developed along fresh lines. In dealing with the Fourth Gospel we have to examine the relaticm between that (iospil and St. Paul, how far the author is developing along the lines laid down by St. Paul and how far he is travelling on inde- pendent lines.
The prin(i])al questions that must be answered by any innuiry into the subject of the resurrection from the historical |)oint of view are: (1) What was the i)lace of the resurrection in the e.schatology of the time? (2) Are there more than one resur- rection in any of the eschatological schemes of the 1st century ? (3) How is the resurrection of Christ related to the general Christian resurrection-doc- trine of the period ? (4) How is the question of the relation between body and spirit, flesh and s])irit, worked out? (5) How far does an ethical element enter into the various views of the resur- rection developed by NT writers ? These questions involve ethical, metajihysical, and eschatological considerations which were not clearly distinguished in the thought of the time, and cannot be separated in our treatment of the subject ; yet they must be borne in mind in examining the various systems of the period.