LiTER.\TrRE. — On the Resurrection and the supernaturatsee B. F. Westcott, Gospel of the Refi-urrecti/m^, London, 18S8, pp. 15-.S4 ; J. O. F. Murray, 'The Spiritual and Historical Evidence for Miracles,' in Cambridge 'J'heoloqical Essaps, ed. H. B. Swete, do., 1006, p. 311 ff,'; M. Dods, The Super- natural in Christianity (in reply to Ffleiderer), ^Edinhurph, 1S94 ; J. R. Illingworth, Divine Immanence, London, 1898, The Gofqiel Miracles, do., 1915 (esp. ch. ii.); A. C. Headlaui, The Miracles of the New Testament, do., 1914 ; A. J. Balfour, Theism and Humanism, do., 191.'j ; H. Scott Holland in Christian Commonwealth, June 1909 (criticism of Sanda.v).
Literature. — The chief relevant literature on the various aspects of the subject has been indicated in the body of the article. On the whole subject the older works of B. F". West- cott, The Gospel of the Resurrection'^, London. 1S65, The Herniation of the Risen Lord-, do., 1883, W. Milligan, The Resurrection of our Lord, do., 1881, Ascension and Ueavenly Priesthood of our Lord, do., 1802, and S. D. F. Salmond, The Christian Doctrine of Immortality, Edinburgh, 1895, are not yet superseded. Aniong^ more recent works covering the whole field the more important are A. Meyer, Die Auferstehung Christi, Freiburs i. B., 1905; L. Ihmels, Die Auferstehung Jcsu Christi, Leipzig, 190G ; J. Orr, The Resurrection of Jestcs, London, 1908 ; C. H. Robinson, Studies in the Resurrection of Christ, do., 1909; W. J. Sparrow Simpson, Our Lord's Resur. rection, do., loufi. The Resurrection and Modern Thowfht, do., 1911. Cf. E. R. Bernard, iirt. ' Kesurre. tion,' UlJRiv. 2.SI- 23fi ; W. J. Sparrow Simpson, art. ' Resurrection of Christ,'
DCG ii. 505-6U. J. M. Shaw.
RETRIBUTION.— See Vengeance.
REUBEN.— See Tribes.
REVELATION.— See INSPIRATION.
REVELATION, BOOK OP See Apocalypse.
REVELLING.- 'Revelling' is the tr. of Kw/iot (perhaps from Kd/xai) in Ro 13" (RV), Gal 5^", 1 P 4*. The Greek word denoted also a band of revellers. The Kufios was a ch.aracteristie feature of CJreek life. There was (1) the more regular and orderly kw/ios, the festal ])rocession in honour of the victors at the g.auies, partaking of the nature of a chorus. Most of Pindar's odes were written to be sung at Kii/ioi of this sort. And there was (2) the riotous Ku/xos, the nocturnal procession of revellers, who ended their carousal on a festi\al-day by parading the streets with torches in their hands and garlands on their heads, singing and shoiiting in honour of P>acchus or some otiier god, and oll'er- ing wanton insult to every pcr.son they met. In later Greek mj'tliology, as we learn from the Ekoi'er of Philostratus (3rd cent. A.D.), Comus was
368
REVENGE
REWARU
the god of festive mirth. Milton calls him the son of Uiicchus and Circe, and puts into his mouth the words :
' Meanwhile, welcome joy and feaati
Mi(liii}.'ht shout and revelry,
Tipsy dance and jollity.
What hath ni(f ht to do with sleep ? '
(Ci.mus, 102 «f.).
With such pagan ideas in mind, St. Paul urges the Romans to 'walk becomingly (evaxvi^'!"'"^), as in t ho day ; not in revelling and drunkenness' (Ro 13"). SeeR. C. Trench, Synonifms of the NT^, London, 1876, § Ixi., and art. 1)runkenni:.ss.
James Strahan.
REVENGE.— See Vengeance.
REWARD. — It will be convenient, in the course of this article, (1) to detine the usage of the term ; (2) to indic^iite its occurrence in the apostolic writ- ings ; (3) briefly to set forth the place of this con- ception in the apostolic teaching.
1. The verb ' to reward ' is capable of neutral usage ; it may mean to give in return evil as well as good (cf. Ps "■' 35'=^ [AV]). But the usual mean- ing of ' reward ' as a noun is an equivalent return for good. A ' reward ' is a thing tliat carries with it the idea of gain, profit, or remuneration. The present discussion will conHne itself to this view of the word and will entleavour to indicate the place which ' reward,' in the sense of payment or wages, holds as a factor in the Christian life.
2. The usual word in the NT for ' reward,' in the sense of hire or wages for work, is ii.utBS's. It is so u.sed by St. Paul (Ro 4^ 1 Co 3*- " 9"- "). In 1 Ti 5"8 (quoting Lk 10') RV translates ' hire.' In Ja h^, 2 P 2"- '^ and .hide " RV also translates by ' hire.' But in 2 Jn *, Rev 11'" 22'^ the rendering is again 'reward.' St. Paul also twice uses the late, non- classical compound avTi/jnuBla, which in each case RV translates 'recompense.' This expression is neutral in meaning, for in Ro I*' the allusion is to due recompense of error ; in 2 Co 6'^, on the other hand, it is to corresponding enlargement of heart in response to the Apostle's affection.
The normal verb to express reward, in the sense of eqiiivalent payment, of either good or evil is aTroil5iiiij.u This occurs in NT passim, and is the basis of the substantive which occurs only once in the NT as used by St. Paul in Col 3^, when, in urging .slaves to single-hearted service, he says that they shall receive from the Lord rrfv apTa-ir65oini> ttj^ KXripovo/ita'! {liV ' the recompense of the inheritance '). This word is frequent both in LXX and in classical Greek. It occurs also in inscriptions and papyri (cf. Moulton and Milligan, Vocabulary of the Greek Teslament, pt. i., London, 1914, s.v.).