On the north side of the Augustan Forum was the Temple of Mars Ultor. The three columns and architrav e of this building, vowed by Augustus on the battle-tield of Philippi and dedicated in 2 B.C., are all that remain to show how splendid a struc- ture it was. The only portion of the Forum Transitorium that remains visible is a fragment of the eastern enclosing wall of the forum with two columns belonging to the colonnade half buried in the ground. The cornice and attic of the wall project above and behind tliese columns. On the attic is a figure of Minerva in relief. Trajan, in order to build his forum, had to cut away the S.W. spur which connects the Quirinal Hill with the Capitoline Mount. The earth was carted away and used to cover up an old cemetery.
Of all Trajan's magnificent buildings nothing remains uncovered but the central portion — about half tlie area — of the Basilica Ulpia, with the Column of Trajan in a rectangular court at the further side of the Basilica. The column, which had a statue of Trajan on the top, is over 100 ft. high, and is said to be exactly the height of the spur of the hill which was cut away. It is notable as having a series of reliefs arranged spirally from the basis to the capital— namely, twenty-three blocks of Parian marble. The Senate and people of Rome erected the column in the year 113. The reliefs are of immense interest as depicting many scenes in the wars carried on by Trajan against the Dacians. This people lived in modern Transyl- vania and also south of the Carpathians in Wal- lacliia and part of Roumania. In the time of the Flavian Emperors they became a serious menace to the Empire. By Trajan's time their king had established a great military power. The second
of Trajan's wars with them resulted in tlie con- quest of Dacia (105-lOG) and the reduction of it to the status of a Roman province. The reliefs are a contemporary historical document of value un- surpassed in the whole of Roman history. Apart from its historical value, the monument has been described as ' the moi^t important example of an attempt to create a purely Roman art filled with the Roman .spirit.'
Of further ancient monuments one must simply select one or two for mention. Near the Tiber the vaulted channel of the Cloaca Maxima (Great Drain) can be observed. This construction first made habitable the marshy ground of the Forum and the land between the Capitoline and the Pala- tine. Near this is a circular buihling, once per- haps the Temple of Mater Matuta, now the Church of S. Maria del Sole. The sui)erstructure is solid marble, and had a peristyle of twenty Corinthi:ui colunnis, of which one is now lost. Some consider- able distance N. of this, in what was once the Campus Martins, is the Pantheon, the most com- plete and the most impressive surviving monument of the earliest Imperial period. The original buildin", erected in 27 B.C., was burned in A.D. 80, restored by Domitian, struck by lightning and again burned in 110, and finally restored by Hadrian (120-124). It is his building we now see. It is a huge rotunda of the simplest proportions. The height of the cupola is the same as that of the drum upon which it rests, and the total height of the building is therefore the same as the diameter of the pavement. The dome is not solid concrete throughout. There are the beginnings of an ar- ticulated system of supports between which the weight is distributed. On either side of the vesti- bule are niches in which colossal statues of Agrippa (the builder) and Augustus once stood. The one opening in the roof admits sufficient light. The building, originally erected to all the divine pro- tectors of the Julian house, has since A.D. 609 been used mostly as a church. What the Church, the great destroyer of Roman pagan buildings, did not ruin, it modified and used for its own purposes.
LiTERATFRK. — The most minute works on the topogrraphy o( ancient Rome are H. Jordan and C. Huelsen, Topographie der Stadt horn, 2 vols., Berlin, 1871-1907; O. Richter, 'Jupu- graphic der Stadt Rom- (in Iwan von ilUIIer's Uondhuch), Munich, 1901. The best work on the Forum is C. Huelsen, The Roman Forum, Eng. tr., Rome, 1906. -1909 (cf. his / piii recenti scavi nel Foro Romano, Rome, 1910). Other works of value and interest are T. Ashby, in A Companion to Latin .studies, ed. Sandjs, Cambridge, 1910, pp. 35-47, and W. Ramsay and R. A. Lanciani, A Manual of Roman Antiqui- tit's^^, London, 1S94 (especially as introductions) ; H. S. Jones, Claxnical Rome, do., 1910, and the fascinating works by R. A. Lanciani, Ancient Rome in the Light o/ Recent Discoveries, do., 18Sn, Pagan and Christian Rome, do., 1S92, and Ruins and Excavations of Ancient Rome, do., 1897. The most convenient and up-to-date maps are in H. Kiepert and C. Huelsen, Format Urbis Roirue AntiquoB : accedit Homenclator Topo- graphicus, Berlin, 1896, 21912. A. SOUTER.
RUDDER.-SeeSHlP.
RUDIMENTS.— See Elements.
RUFUS (PoOcpos, a common Latin name). — 1. In Mk 15^' Rufus is named as the son of Simon the Cyrenian, who was coniiielled to carry the Cross of .lesus to the place of crucifixion (cf. Mt 27"-, Lk 2.3-"). Another son, Alexander, is mentioned, and, as the name of Rufus conies second, he was prob- ably the younger of the two. St. Mark gives no further information with regard to them, and it would seem that thej' must have been known to the readers for whom he intended his Gosijel. If, as is generally held, he wrote in Rome for Roman Christians, Alexander and Rufus may have been at the time resident in the city and prominent members of the Church. Simon was evidently a