J. C. Lambert. SPAIN (SiraWa). — Spain was St. Paul's objective during tlie later years of his missionary activity. It was characteristic of him that he was always thinking of ' the parts beyond ' (ra im(piKetva, 2 Co 10'°). Sensitively regardful of 'the [province (ranix) which Goil apportioned ' him, and deter- mined not to intrude 'in another's province' (2 Co 1013. 16. ic)_ i,(j felt, drawn to the fresh fields of the distant West. It is in his letter to the Romans ( 15-'''- ^) that he first broaches the idea of evangeliz- ing Spain. Eager as he was to ' see Rome ' and to jireach the gospel in it, he did not purpose to re- main there long. The metropolis was not in his Kaviiiv, for others had already lalioured there, and he intimates that in his visit to the Roman Christians he would be en route (oiaTropevdfievos) for his proper sphere. He would 'go on by' them (dTreXewoMoi 5i' vnwi') as he journeyed westward. The Imperial width of his horizon .and boldness of his policy were worthy of his Roman citizenship, and the fact that Sp.ain was the most completely Romanized of all the provinces no doubt luivde it seem a very attractive and promising mission lield. It is true that half a century after St. Pauls time Juvenal could still write, ' Ilorrida vitanda est Hisnania' {.^(it. viii. 116), but he w;is doubtless thinking of the b;irharous tribes of the northern mountains. In the beginning of our er.a Strabo (III. ii. 15) says that the southern Spani.ards, 'especially those who dwell about the IJietis (Guadalquiver), h.ave been so entirely converted to the Roman mode of life as even to have forgotten their own language.' Carrying over the pennanent benelils of an earlier Pluenioian and Carthaginian civilization, Spain had become a Roman province at the end of the Second Punic War (201 B.C. ), and l)y the days of Cicero and Ca'.sar the .southern districts were almo.st wholly Italian. 'If jpreparation was any- where made by the republic for the great ail- significant work of the imperial period^the Romanising of the West — it was in Spain. ... In all Spain under Augustus there were numbered lifty communities with full citizenship ; nearly liftj' others had up to this time received Latin rights, and stood as to inw.ard organisation on a par with the burgess-communities. . . . Like thi' Roman dre.ss, the Roman language was largely dillused even among those Spaniards who had not Italian burge.ss-rights, and thegovernmentfavoureil t he c/e facto Romanising of the land ' (T. Mommseii, The Provinces of the Jimimn Eiii/:ire, I'.tllil, i. 67- 70). Many of the writers of Rome's silver age. notably Lucan, the two Senecas, Martial, and
522
SPEARMAN
Sl'IlUTS IN PEISON
Quintilian, were Spaniards. The Emperors Trajan and Hadrian were born in Spain.
If St. Paul ever reached tliis poal, he must have made Latin for a time hi.s niis.sionary hin^'iia<;e, for even when half the popuhitiun of Rome was speaking (Jroek, Spain was never in any degree Hellenized. 15ut the question wlietlier tlie Apostle succeeded in carrying out his purpose cannot Ije confidently answered. Tliere are only two authori- ties for a Spanish journey— the Muratorian Frag- ment on the Canon, and Clement of Rome. The writer of the former (about A. D. 200) may have had inde]iendent knowledge, but it is more likely that when he mentions the ' profectionem Pauli ab ui be ad Spaniam proticiscentis,'he is merely drawing an inference that the puipose expressed in Ro 15-'^-* was fulfilled. The words of Clement (ad Cor. v.) are well known : ' Paul . . . having taught the whole world righteousness, and having come to the bound of the West (iirl rb ripixa ttji Siiaeus iXSuiv), and having borne witness {/xapTvprjcras) before the rulers, so was released from the world and went to the Holy Place, having become the greatest example of patience.' Lightfoot interpreted 'the bound of the West' as Spain, but, since the next clauses certainly refer to St. Paul's testimony and martyrdom in Rome, it seems natural to take 4\6wv and /lapTvp-qiras together, and difficvilt to interpolate a journey between them. Sandav- Heacllam (' Romans '= [/CC, 1902], 414) ask : ' Is it quite certain that a Jew, as Clement probably was, speaking of St. Paul, another Jew, would not look upon Rome relatively to Jerusalem as the ripfj-a ttjs Svcrewi, "the western limit"?' It is significant that the Pastoral Epistles contain no suggestion of a campaign, possible or actual, in the West.
Literature. — J. B. Ligfhtfoot, The Apostolic Fathers, 1891, JSihIlcal Bsmtis, 1893, p. 423 f.; A. C. McGiffert, A History of Chrintianilp in the Apostolic Age, 1897, p. 415 f.; C. von Weizsacker, Apostolic Age, ii. [1895] 137 f.
James Steahan. SPEARMAN See Army.
SPICE See Amomum.
SPIRIT, SPIRITUAL (iri-fC/ia, irveu/xariKos).— 1. In the Acts and the Epistles wfujia very frequently refers to the- Divine Spirit, conceived either as a power proceeding from God (Ac 2", Ro S^') or as a definite jiersonality (Ac 8-', Eph 4™). See, further. Holy Spirit.
2. It is applied to created beings other than human, whether angels (He 1") or evil spirits (Ac 5'« 19'=, 1 Ti 4', Rev 16"; cf. Eph 6'^ 'the spiritual hosts [rd TrvevtiariKa] of wickedness').
3. It is used of disembodied human spirits (Ac 23"'-), whether in a state of blessedness (He 12^) or of condemnation (1 P 3'^).