10. The synagogue discipline. -The mainten- ance of the synagotiue community required certain disciplinary measures to keep obnoxious or hostile elements out. The following were the difteient forms of exclusion or excommunication used against unsubmissive members. 1 • „„ o T?=
(1) Herem, anathema-a term used since 2 h-s 10* (see artt. 'Anathema' and 'Ban in Jh) in the sense of absolute exclusion from the coiigiej^a- tion(.1/.A'. 16a ; 1 Co lli--, where the Greek a.a»fMa is followed by the Aramaic formula Maran atlia r ' thou art accirsed '] Gal 1«), for which also the term \^o..viyo,-ro. is used (Jn 9== I2« If ■-^Pf-^^'}^*- II. xliii. 1, in. viii. 3, IV. viii. 3; the Syrian Didascalia is less exact).
(■>) Nklduy, conditional or temporary exclusion
_a' terra used chiefly in M;?i"/^ /f "' "r"" Tr I' M K iii 1-2 ; 'Eduy. v. c : Midd. 112 ; Jer. M.Is. %ut: Bah. Ber. 19«; M.K. 16-17; 7i. A'. 1126 tt; ^^ed 76 and elsewhere). It corresponds with aAoM.iv (Lk6"; Apost. Const. U. xvi 3, 4 ; xxi. 3 7 xxviii. 2, 4; xl. 2 ; xlvi., xlvii. 3 ; xlvm. 1'; III. viii. 2; VI. xliii. and VII. u. 8; also in the later ecclesiastical rules [VIII. xxviu. 3 7, 8 ; xxxii. 5; xlvii. 5, 8tf.]); probably also with 4k- BaWeiv eK T77S eKKXi)ffias, 3 Jn >°. _
(3) Neziphah, severe public reprimand imp ying a seven days' seclusion in accord with Mu 1- (cl. Sifre, ad loc. : M.K. 16a; Shah. 115a), found as early as the 1st cent. B.C. in Apost. Const. II. xvi 3-41 cf. art. 'Didascalia' in JE iv. 589^ against Hamburger, art. ' Bann,' p. 150.
(4) Shammatci, handing over to desolation (from shammah = sh'mamak = -,rapa.5odmL /V Sarai.?, 1 U) 55 ; cf. Jos. BJ 11. viii. 8 a.nd JE 1. 561-562 ; M.^.
'?5) Lut, execration— a milder form of shammata resorted 'to by the Talmudic leader in Babylonia (see art. oiS in Levy, Worterbuch ; M.K. I6d ; cf. j„ 52s t)t 27'^'^'').
(6) Corporal punishments such as the thirty-nine stripes for transgression of Mosaic commandments (Dt ''S' " Co ir--*) or beating for rebelliousness against the Rabbinical authorities— J/aH;a</t Vl^a)-- dm {Kazir iv. 3, 2 Co 11», Ac 16==). The entire disciplinary system, which in the course of time became rather less severe in the same measure as heresy and antagonism ceased within the syna- gogue ( .V. A'. 16a/-), was no longer clearly under- sto°od in Talmudic times; it receives better light, however, from the Essene Church rules preserved in the Apost. Const. II. xl. 2-43 and 47, as shown above It is from the ancient Hasida?an synagogue that the Christian Church adopted her own dis- ciplinary system.
where the entire literature 18 given ; W. Bacher, "'• J.\"^; fno-ue ' in II DB. Esiwnialiv to be mentioned are L. l^oew. Iter
iv 1-71 V "1-33); K. Kohler, ' Ueber die t rsrrunfe'e und GrnndfoVnien der s.vnagotcalcn Litiirsie,' in '"''" -^ J"^^;,"' 11893] 441-4.S1, 489-497; W. O. E. Oesterley at d G- H^ Box, TheReliqiunand Worship nf the Synagogve, London, l""' ■ ™. Bousset, IleW,iun des Judentums"; Berlin. 1906, pp. 83, 19, f., vol.. 11.-35
197 ff ■ 1. Welthausen, /CT-«<.m.-«cft« t,nd ;«<«>«;.»■ ff'*'...;**".
do, 007 pp i»3'-. I'W'-; '■ E'bon"- D^r .;!"'"f''; , : "'"
5?«.s"mV','.ertf™McA(^oAeu iiHa<.,cW.r«!7, Le.y;.|;, 1^ 3-
SYNTYCHE(2wTi)x'!).—Syntyche was a Christian ladv of Philippi who seems to have held a promi- nent place in the Church, and who, at the date of the Apostle's letter to the I'hilippians, had a ditlerence of opinion with another lady called Euodia {q.v.). St. Paul exhorts them 'to be of the same mind in the I.or.l ' (Ph 4=). It is inij.os- sible to form any certain conclusions regarding tlie nature of the controversy between the two women, who may have been .leaconesses, but who were more likely prominent female '",';:!l';f' ,°* the Church, of the type of I.ydia of Ac Ib'^'. In fact, the conjecture has been put forward that one of them may have been Lydia herself, as Lydia may not he a personal but a racial or geograiil.ical designation signifying 'theLydian' or the naive of the province of Lydia, wliere the city of IJya- tira to which she belonged, was situated. Ihis cannot of cour.se be verilied. Nor can we say whether the ditlerence between the two partook ot the nature of a religious controversy or of a per- sonal quarrel. Before this date both had rendered si.nial service to the cause of the gospel in I hilippi, and the Apostle adduces this as a reason wliy they should be helped towards a reconciliation, bt. 1 aul expects that they will get help in their <litterences from one whom he describes as'bynzvgus [A\ ' true yokefellow,' but probably a proper name ; cf. art. SVNZYGUS), probably a prominent otiu-ial of the church of Philippi. The names of both Euodia and Syntyche are found frequent y, and there is no reason for supposing tlieiii to be alle- ..orieal names for Jewish and Gentile Christian ty, as is done so arbitrarily by the Tubingen school.
SYNZYGUS (SiHin"". erroneously in TR ai^vyo^, from avi'^iiyvvf,^, ' fasten or yoke together —' yoke- fellow,' 'comrade,' 'consort, ' pailner, co ■ le.-u'ue').-In the Epistle to the Phihppians (4' ) the^apostle Paul refers to a dispute that had arisen between two female members of the Church Euodia and Syntyche, and entreats one whom he describes as Synzygus (AV ' true yoke e low ') to ass^t t e wonfen tS come to a reconciliation. Either the name is the projrer name of a person or a descrip- tion applied bv the Apostle to oneo his companions. If the name "is a proper name, the bearer was a leader in the Christian Church at Philippi when the Epistle was written. The ditticulty with regard to this-the natural explanation- is that hynzygus is a very unusual name and, in fact, does not seem to occur at all in extant literature though C von Weizsiicker {ApvstuUi- Age, 1.^ [London, 1807] '^8") su>'"'ests that the name may have been assumeil at baptism as a proper name. Meyer who regards it as the name of a person, points out that many names occur only once, and that tiie