TESTIMONY
THANKSGIVING
567
regarils the followiiifr passage, Tint. Levi, xviii. 8-12, in its present form as induliilably Cliristian in point of view :
* For He shall give the majesty ot the Lord to His sons in truth
for evermore ; And there sliiill none succeed Iliin for ftll (fenerations for ever. And in His priesthood tlie Gentiles slioll be multiplied in IcDOW-
ledjfe upon the earth, And enlii^chtened throuirh the fjrace of the Lord : [I3ut Israel shall be niinished tnrongh ignorance. And darkened through vriief : all MSS except b«\ In His priesthood shall sin come to an end, And the lawless shall cease to do evil. And the just shall rest in llim. And He shall open the j^ates of paradise, And shall remove the threateninj; sword against Adam. And He shall give to the saints to eat from the tree of life. And the spirit of holiness shall be upon them. And Reliar shall be bonnd by Him, And He shall give power to His children to tread upon the evil
spirits' (cf. Test. Zeb. ix. S^Jg).
The continual change in reference of tlie pronoun 'lie,' ' him,' ' his' is very difiicnlt. AVhat can ' His sons ' anil ' His children ' mean ? * Again, the last six lines would be unique if they referred to the Messiah, as Charles holds. Apparently they nmst refer to God. Surely only the t^hristian inter- polator could be guilty of sucli an astonishing combination of what were no doubt originally two Jewish statements (possibly in one and the same passage), one referring to the Messiali, and one to the marvels which God would work in Messiah's days.
LiTERATt'RE. — I. CUIEF EDITIONS OF THE TEXT. — (i.) In the
Greek versions. — J. E. Grabe, Spicile(]imii Patnmi'^, Oxford, 1714 ; R. Sinker, Testavienta XII Patriarcharum, Cambridge, lS(i9, Appt^ndix- (containing a collation of the Roman and Patmos USS), do., 187'J ; R. H. Charles, The Greek Vtrsions of the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, Oxford, 190S. (ii.) In the Armenian version.— H. Sargis Josepheanz, 3'Ae Treasury of the Old and Netv F"thcr.^, \'enice, ltol.tl3, i. 27-161. (iii.) In the Slavonic version. — N. Tichonravov, I'amiatniki Otrechen- noi Iitu<t!koi LUeraturi, 2 vols., St. Petersburg. 1863. (iv.) In translations. — (o) From the Greek : Grosseteste s Latin version, Eng. tr. by A. G(olding), London, l.'iSl ; F. Schnapp, in E. Kautzsch's ApokriDrhen und Pseudepiijrnphen, Tubingen, 1900, pp. 468-606; R. H. Charles, The Tfstamenls of the Twelre Patriarchs, London, 1908, Apocrypha and Psntdepigrapha, Oxford, 1913, ii. 296-360. (6) From the Armenian : J. Issa- verdens, The Uncanonical Writings of the Old Testament, Venice, 1901, pp. 349-479.
II. Commentaries and critical iNQnuiKs. — J. E. Grabe, Spicilerjitim Patrum^, i. 129-144, 335-374 ; R. Sinker, Testa- menfa XII Patriarcharum, pp. 1-125, 'Testamenta XII Patriarcharum' in DCB iv. 865-874; F. Schnapp, Die Testa- mtmte der zwolf Patriarchen untersucht, Halle, 1S84, also in Kautzsch's Apokryphen und Pseudepigraphen, ii. 45S-506; W. J. Deane, Psctutepigrapha, Edinburgh, 1891, pp. 162-192 ; F. C. Conybeare, 'On the Jewish Authorship of the Testa- ments of the Twelve Patriarchs,' JQR v. (1S93J 375-398, sect, ot art. 'Testamenta of the Twelve Patriarchs' in JE xii. 113, reviews of Charles in Itev. of Theol. and Phil. iv. [1908-09] 873- 384 ; K. Kohler, ' The Pre-lrahnudio Haggada,' JQR v. 400-^06, sect, of art. * Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs ' in JE xii. 113-118; M. Gaster, 'The Hebrew Text of one of the Testa- ments ot the -XII Patriarchs,' PSflA xvi. [1S93-94) 33-49, 109-117 : A. Harnack, Gesch. der altchrUtl. Litleratur, Leipzig, 1897,11. i. 66H-.';70; E. Schiirer, GJV iii.^ [do., ISSISJ 2:V>-262, BJPu. iii. [Edinburgh, 1886)114-124; R. H. Charles, 'Apoca. Ivptic Literature,' £Ili i. 237-241, 'Testaments of the XII Patriarchs,' HDP, iv. 721-726, 'Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs," JSBril xxvi. 666-66S, BJ iii. [1906] 668-573, Testa- ments of the Twelve Patriarchs, Apocri/pha and Pseudepi- qrapha, ii. 282-295 ; W. Bousset, ' Die 'I'estamente der zwolf Patriarchen,' in ZXTW i. [1900] 187-200, 344-346; F. C. Burkitt, in JTh!<t \. [1908] 135 f., Jewish and Christian Apocalypses {S(;hweich Lectures, 1913), London, 1914, pp. 34- 37 ; J. W. Hunkin, in JThSt xvi. [1914] 80-97.
III. Related \vork.s. — (a) A HebTGW Te.'itament of Naphtati : text collated by M. Gaster, PSBA xvi. 109-117 ; translated in Kautzsch's Apok. und Pseud, ii. 489-192 ; original in Charles, Greek Versions, pp. 239-244, translated in his Testament.^, pp. 221-227, and Apoc. and Pseud, ii. 361-363. (ii) A source of the Testament of Levi ; Aramaic text in JQIi xix. [1907] 566-583 ; in Charles, Greek Ver.uojis, pp. 246-256, where also (c) Greek text (interpolation in Mount Athos MS, Test. Asher, vii. 2), pp. 247- 253, and (rf) Syriac fragment, p. 254. For translations see his Testaments, pp. 22S-235, Apoc. and Pseud, ii. 364-367.
A. Ll. Davies. TESTIMONY.— See Martyr, Trial-at-Law.
TETRARCH This title orimnally signified the
governor of tlie fourth part or a country. Thus * Cf. for this diflioulty 1 En. xlviii. 7.
Pliilip of Maccdon divided Thessaly into four districts called ' tetrarchies.' ]>ater, however, the title came to be used in a loose sense of any petty ruler, and in this sense it is applied in the NT to Herod Antipas, I'liilip, and Lysanias. Of these Herod is called 'king' in Mt 14"; but the usual and correct designation of him is ' tetrarch,' and it is thus tliat he is mentioned in Ac 13', the only passage in the apostolic writings where tlie title ocQurs. G. Wauchope Stewart.