YOYAGE.— See Eoads AND Teavel, Paul.
w
WAITING. — 'Waiting involves expectancy or hope (q.v.), being related to an event or contingency regarded as still in the future. It finds varied expression in the ajiocalyptic atmosphere of early Christianity with its expectation of an immediate Parousia (q.v.). Of its more general form, as dis- tinguished from this Parousia-expectation, we can find no better illustration than no 8'", wliere St. Paul vividly describes the eager longing (awoKapa- ooKla) of all creation which is wailing for the sons of God to be revealed, that is, the issue of the world-sifting process of life and history in the ultimate triumph of the good (see ExpT xxii. [1910-1911] 71 f. for diro)ca;)aoo\/a). In the succeed- ing verses (8-^'-") the Apostle ex|>ounds the ex[ieri- ence of full sonship, and identifies this with ' the redemption of our body,' for which the believer is in this stage of existence ever waiting. In each of these passages the verb used is a compound of o4xo/J.ai in the form dTre/cScxoM'". It is used again in Gal 5' in reference to an issue of Christian experience, namely ' the hope of righteousness ' (Airioa SiKaioaufrit) ; but, as a rule, the verb is a])plied to the Parousia, as in 1 Co 1' and Ph 3^, while in 1 1' 3™ it is found in an absolute sense, of the longsutlering of God in the days of tlie Flood, though the context suggests that what is waited for is the repentance and moral resurrection of mankind.
Other compounds of the same verb, namely
iK54xoiJ.at and Trpoffd^xo/id-i, are also found to express the notion of waiting. The former, with tin- suggestion of selection or concentration, is found in 1 Co 16", He 10" U'", Ja 5', Ep. Bam. x. 11 (rdi. dyiov atufa), 2 Clem. xii. 1 (tjjk pii(n\ciav rod Stop) and XX. 3 {Taxvv KapTdf). The latter, with the suggestion of welcome, is found in the Synoptics (Mk IS'", Lk 2'-»-»» 23") and in Ac 2.3-' 24"; it is also found in Tit 2" (ttiv puiKapiav iXriSa <coi f'lri- (paveiav t-^s 5(5^7)5 ktX.), Jude "', and Herm. Vis. III. xii. 2 (TTjf ^axo-Tjjv ijpL^pav).
The same thought is conveyed by such com- pounds of juecoj as TTipifi^vw (Ac I'*) and d»'o/if'fw (1 Th 1'"). This mood or attitude of the si)iritual life finds a parallel in the waiting on or for the Lord (.Tp) in the Psalms passim, indicating the spirit of expectancy which can be .satisfied only by a token of the Divine favour in the form of 'salvation' or some manifestation of the Divine «ill. 14. Maktin Pope.
WALK.— See Christiah Life.
WALL. — The explorations of recent years have yielded a rich store of materials for reconstructing the fashion of the walls of cities in ancient times. It can now be said with a great mea.snre of delinite- ness to what period the remains of walls behmg. This is of much imiiortance as a test of the relia- bility of tradition. An instance falling within the
646
WANDEKING STARS
WAR
Apostolic Age is found in the wall of Damascus, referred to in Ac 9" (cf. 2 Co IP*). Examination of the wall as it now stands reveals'three kinds of masonry — Turkish, Arabic, and Roman, the last in the lowest courses. The window shown as that by which St. I'aul was let down is above the Turkish wall (cf. art. BASKET), so that the tradi- tion has little value.
The w^alls of Jericho are mentioned in He 1P° (cf. Jos 6). The allusion is to the narrative of the OT, and gives no insight into the local conditions during apostolic times. The recent excavations of Sellin, following previous surveys of other ex- plorers, enable us to trace the history of Jericho, both in OT times and in the time of Christ. The walls, outer and inner, of the Canaanite Jericho have now been laid bare for a considerable part of their circuit, and much insight has been gained into the life of the ancient city. The first con- clusions drawn after excavation have been some- what modilied (see PEFSt xlii. [1910] 54 If., 2.34; cf. ExpT xxi. [19U9-10J 353 fl'.). The remains of the Roman or Herodian Jericho are a mile or two south of the ancient city.
The remaining examples of tcixos, a city wall, are grouped in Rev 21, where there are six occur- rences of the word (vv.'s- 1^- i«- "■ '»■ >»). Although fully 200 ft. in lieight (or in breadth), the wall is insignificant compared with the height of the city itself (12,000 furlongs). The foundations are re- presented as monoliths of precious stone, filling the interval between adjoining gateways. See, further, art. Gate.
Walls of houses (toIxos) are referred to only metaphorically. The 'whited wall' of Ac 23' is usually explained in the light of Mt 23°', where there Is a reference to the practice of whitewashing the cippus (cf. Dt 2V- *), or memorial stone, which marked the presence of graves (or rather, ossuaria). The practice extended to the stone door leading into underground tombs (see EBi, art. 'Tomb'), and to monuments on a large scale, if they chanced to contain graves. Apart from the reference to the dead, it is not unreasonable to suppose that the practice of treating the walls of houses with a coat- ing of whitewash in order to freshen the exterior would suggest such a figure of speech. It would be most pointed in the case of Ananias, the high priest, if he sat to judge in a white robe, which clothed a character that was not white (see W. M. Furneaux, The Acts of the Apostles, Oxford, 1912, p. 360).