LiTEBATrRE. — In 190S Karl Kautsky published a monofrraph on l)er Uraprunfj des Christentums (Stuttt^^art), a so-called 'historical investigation,' in which (especially p. 384 f.) heat- tempted to prove that Jesus had been a Messianic lea<ler of revolt, who had really been put to death for His seditious and fanatical GaliUean uprisiii",', and that the failure of this move- ment led to a pacific reinterpretation of His career, which in the N'T has replaced but not entirely obliterated the ori;rinally militant aspet^t of His gospel. The reply to this unhistnrical restatement of primitive Christianity came from Hans Wind- isch in his Der ynessiajtlticlie Krieg mid das Urchristejttmny Tubingen, 1009. In adfiition to the literature already cited in the course of this article, the following more or less recent monoi,'raphs on the relation of early Christians to warfare and the Ri)man army may be mentioned as specially valuable : A. Bigelmair, Die Iktriliijiing der Christen am ijffentlichen Lehen in mircmslanliiiischer'Zeit, Munich, 1902, pp! 1C4-201 ; K. H. E. de Jong, DieiiMwei'jerinf} hij de oude chriiiletieny Leiden, 1905; A. Harnack, Militia Christi: die christliehe IleliyioH und der Sokiatenstand in den ersten drei Jahrhundcrten, Tubingen, 1905 ; P_. Batiffol, essay in the volume of collected essays entitled L'Eijline et la Giierre, Paris, 1913 ; some pa^^es (pp. 24-28) in E. Le Blant, Les Pers^citteurs et les rnarti/rs aiix premiers sif'xtes de nctre ire, do., ISO.'i, as well as in his earlier lnscriptiv7is chritiennes de ta Gaide, do., 1856, i. 81-87; J. B. Mullinger, art. in DCA ii. 2028-2030 ; and H. B. Work- man, f'ergecution in t/ie Early Churchy London, 1906, pi). 181-188. The European war has naturally produced a crop of pamphlets and studies, which occasionally discuss the early Church's attitude to war in general, but seldom to any scientific profit ; the large majority, whether written by pacifists or by patriots, suffer from an unhistorical imagination, and for the most jiart discover evidence for conclusions already formed. C. W. Emmet's essay on ' War and the Ethics of the N'T,' in The Faith and the War, London, 1915, is a notable exception.
James Moffatt. WASHING.— See Layer, Purification.
WATCHING.— If waitincT (q.v.) rather points to the expectation of a speciiic experience or event, watching indicates a jjeneral attitude of alertness on the part of the Christi.an believer, in view of actual or imminent tests of his spiritual life. It is a favourite word of our Lord {yp-qyopiio, Jit 24^"' ^
0513 Og38. 40. 41^ JII^ 133.5 J4.I4. 37. 38_ Lk 123'-S9),
employed in inciilcatino; the duty of vigilance (frequently combined witli prayer) in regard eitlier to the sudden day or hour when the Son of man shall arrive or to some actual crisis or trial (especi- ally the agony of Gethsemane), or as a preparation for some impending temptation. In Ac 20" it is found in the exhortiition by St. Paul to the elders at Miletus, in view of the apostasy that has taken place or maj- be repeated under the iniluence of ' fierce wolves.' The duty of alertness as ojiposed to a slack or somnolent spirit is proclaimed in 1 Th 5«, 1 Co 16", Col 4- (where J. Mofiatt, T/ic New Testament, a New Translation?, London, 1914, p. 252, translates the verb ' tjiaintain you?- zest for prayer by thanksgiving'), I P 5», Rev 3-- » 16"''. With these may be coin]iaied a jiassage in Ignatius, ad Polyc. i. 3, where the duty is pointed by reference to the dKolp.7jTov TTceP/xa of the Christian. In two of the above cited passages (1 Th 5° and 1 P 5") the verb 'to watch' is combined with v-qipiii, 'to be sober,' which in 2 Ti 4'' and 1 P 4' is translated in AV as 'be watchful' or 'watch': i'7)0u means, however, to be (umpcrate or sober (originally, to abstain from wine) and conveys the sense of calmness or coolness )ire|)arcd for any emergency and aris- ing out of abstinence from what will excite rather VOL. II. — 43
than the more general self-control of iyKpdraa and ffauppoavfi].
I'o sum up, watchfulness or watching indicate- that the Christian is alert or vigilant, in order to defend himself against a s])iritual foe or to be pro- perly prepared for any surprise or sudden change in his circumstances, and above all in order that his fellowship with (Jod in pr.iyer may be undis- tracted ami ellicacious. K. Maktin I'OPE.
WATER {voup).—ln the NT, after the Gospels, water is nearly always used in a figurative or sj'mbolical sense.
1. The words employed by Christ in Ac 1' seem to echo Mt 3", Mk 1»," Lk 3"', Jn 1»^ Water was the element in which .lolm baptized his ]ienitents, and the best that he h.'id ; hut ]\i', was profoiiiidly conscious of its ina.<lerjuacy, .and e;igerly expectant of an altogether dillerent kind of bai>lism, to be introduced by the Mes.sijih. It has been contended that the nfeO/ia 11(710;' and the TrPp which he liesired were the sweeping wind anil the destroying lire of judgment (.so, e.g., A. B. Bruce, KGT, ' Matthew,' London, 1897, p. 84), but it is more likely that what he longed for w.as the life-giving breath and the purifying hre of the Messianic era. If we must not read into his words the Pentecostal and similar experiences, we need not eliminate from them the highest prophetic ideals. When Christ conlirms His forerunner's distinction between b;ip- tism in water and baptism in the Holy Spirit (.Vc P), He certainly regards the latter not as a blast of judgment but as the supreme gift of Divine grace ; and Peter, who ' remembered the word of the Lord,' and no doubt the tone in which lie uttered it, quotes it not as a menace but as an evangelical promise (11'^). Water is referred to in connexion with the baptism of the eunuch (8-*-^- "") and of Cornelius (lO"). In the latter case the ba|)tism in water is the immediate sequel to the earliest baptism of the Gentiles with the Holy Sjiirit, which was attended with the rapturous utterances known as rjlossolalia.