4. The limitations of apostolic Christianity in regard to wromen were such as were inevitable from its historical origin and eschatological outlook. Tlie Jewish training of Paul, for exanlple, accounts for much in his attitude, stich as the argument that women should be veiled 'because of the angels' (1 Co 11'"). The expectation of a speedy end largely explains his preference of celibacy to marriage {V ; cf. Rev 14'), which is certainly not due to his Judaism (cf. Bousset, op. cit., p. 493). The asceti- cism of Paul must be ascribed to a cause dili'eront from and more innocent than the dualistic (Greek) asceticism of the later Church. Naturally, some of the premisses in the NT arguments for woman's subjection to man no longer appeal to us, even if the conclusion does (e.g. 1 Ti 2'-'-). Westermarck's criticism of this ultimately Jewish emphasis on woman's subjection to man, as being 'agreeable to the selfishness of men' (Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, i. 654), ignores the atmosphere which redeems it, i.e. its moral and religions inter- pretation in the Christianity of the NT. We should rather recognize, as Dobschiitz does (Chris- tian Life in the Priitiitioe Church, p. 377) in regard to Paul's asceticism, that ' Christ triumphs in him over the spirit of the age.'
Literature.— L. Friedlander, SittmgescMchte Roim', Leip- zig, 1910, R'jinan Life ami Mannt-rs, Enj?. tr. of 7th eil.. a vols., London, lH(IS-Oi>, vol. i. ch. v. ; W. E. H. Lecky, //i',«(orj/ o_l Enropean Morals^, 2 vols., do., 1888, ii. 276-372; C. L. Brace, Gesta C/n-Lsti, do., 1SS2, bk. i. chs. iii., iv. ; R. S. Storrs, The Diihie Ori>iin of Clirislianitv, do., 1885, pp. 14Bt., 4(W(. ; C. von Weizsacker, Daii apostotische Zcitaltcr der christlichen Kirclic, Kreiburir i. B., 188C, Eng. tr.. The ApuHcUc Age, 2 vols., London, ISOB, bk. v. ch. iii. § 7 ; J. Donaldson, 'The I'osition of Women among the Earlv Christians,' CR Ivi. (1SS9) 433 ; J. Gottschick, 'Ehe, chrisiliihe.' in PRE' v. 182 1. ; W. F. Adeney, art. 'Woman,' in //D/i iv. 033-9:16; E. von Dobschutz. Die urchri&llUhe Goneinde, Leipzig, 1902. Eng. tr.. Christian Life tn the Primitive Church, London, 1904 ; A. Harnack, Mission und Aushreituin/ des Christenluma-. Leijtzig, 1900, Eng. tr.. The Mission and Expan.^ion o/ Chri.'itianilp'^, 2 vols., London, 1908, vol. ii. ch. ii. § 4 (best survey of tliu data) ; S. Dill, Rmimii Socii'ty from Nero to Marcus Aurclius', do., 190B ; J. McCabe. I'he Relinion o/ Woman, do., 1905 (attacks the Cliris- tian claims) ; W. Bousset, Die Religion dt'.s Judcntums im neutcH. /.eifalttr-, IJcrlin, 1900 ; E. Westermarck, The Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, i. (London, 1906] ch. xxvl., ii. [do., 1908] ch. xi. ; T. G. Tucker, Life in the Roman World of Nero and St. Paul, do., 1910, ch. xvi. ; A. Robertson and A
692
WONDER
WOKD
Plummer, ICC, ' 1 Corinthians," Edinburgh, 1911, pp. 130-162, 230-230, 324-328; C Clemen, Primitive Chrislianily and its yimJeicisli Sources, Kiiinburgh, 1U12, Index, s.v. ' Woman ' ; W. M. Ramsay, The Teaching of I'aiil in Terms of the Present Day, London, 1913, sect, xlv., 'The Family in the Teaching of
Paul.' H. Wheeler Kobinson.
WONDER.— See Miracles, Sign.
WOOL {Ipiov). — Tlie two passages in which wool is mentioned in tl\e NT (He 9'", Kev 1») call for little comment. In He 9'" tlie writer allndes to the symbolic and ceremonial use of scarlet wool in the Mosaic ritual, wliile in Rev 1" the hair of the Son of Man is compared to white wool. White wool, here as elsewliere (cf. Ps 147'", Is 1'*, Dn 7"), is tlie emblem of purity. St. John clearly has in view the locns classious, Dn 7", wliere, however, the white hair belongs to the Ancient of Days. The transference of the metaphor to the Son of Man is noteworthj-, in view of the strict adherence to Daniel's account in the Apocrypha (cf. Enoch, .\lvi. 1).
Wool has always been an important article of commerce in Syria. In early days the sole measure of a man's wealth was the number of flocks and herds in his possession. Among these the sheep was the most important and was valued especially for its wool. At a time when silk was unknown and Hax was scarce and liardly obtainable out of Egypt, wool formed the principal material for clothing. The region of Gilead, Moab, and Amnion was pre-eminently the land of sheep-pasture as it is to-day.
Literature. — H. B. Tristram, Natural History of the BibW, London, 1911, p. 133 ff. ; W. M. Thomson, The Land and the Book, new ed., do., 1910, p. 313 ; J. C. Geilcie, The Uoly Land and the Bible, do., 1903, pp. 12, 81-S4 ; R. H. Charles, The Book of Enoch, Oxford, 18B3, p. 127 ; B. F. Westcott, The Epistle to the Hebrews-, London, 1892, p. 267 f.; H. B. Swete, The Apocalypse of HI. John% do., 1907, p. 16 ; SDB, p. 977 ; HDB iv. 937 ; EBi iv. 5353. P. S. P. HANDCOCK.
WORD. — The English substantive ' word ' is used in the RV to translate two Greek originals, \6705 and jifiy-a.. Of these \byoi is by far the more com- mon, occurring 194 times in the NT, excluding the Gospels. In 153 of these it is translated 'word'; in the remainder it has a rather wider significance, e.g. 'treatise' (Ac 1'), ' matter,' 'reason,' or 'ac- count' (Ac 8-' 1029 igs 28" 1938- "» 20=S Ro I41-, Ph 4"-", He 4" 13', 1 P 3''^ 4'). It is used gener- ally to mean ' speech ' or ' utterance' (Ac 14'- 20^ 1 Co 1" 2'- ■• 14", 2 Co 8' W 11«, Eph 4^9 6'', Col 4"). In Ac 11-^ it is tr.anslated 'report,' in Col 2''^ •show' (i.e. 'pretext'). In Ac 6^ 7'', 1 Co IS*", 1 Ti 1" 3' 4», 2 fi 2", Tit 3" it is translated ' say- ing.' In the last live of these pas.sages the phrase is the. same, ' faithful is the saying ' («(77-6s 0 Xiyos), which seems to refer to a quotation from a Chris- tian hymn or from some recognized liturgical formula.