2. A maritime city assigned to the tribe of Asher
(Josh, xix, 2D), but from which the Israelites were never able to expel the Phoenicians (Judg. i, 31). Ac- cording to Eusebius (Onom. s. v. 'Ays<i?>) it was 9 (ac- cording to the Jerusalem Itinerary 12) Roman > miles north of Accho or Ptolemais. In the Talmud (She- biifh, vi, 1 ; Challah, iv, 8) it is called Kezib (2"n2), and in later times Ecdippa (r« "EKCi—Tra. Josephus, War, i, 13, 4; Ptol. v, 15; Pliny, v, 17), from the Aramaean pronunciation (2"H-X). Josephus also (Ant. v, 1, 22) gives the name as Arce or Actippvs ('Aokij ....?/ icai 'Aktittovq). In the vicinity (at the mouth of the Nabr Herdawil, comp. Wilson, Lands of the Bible, ii, 233) was the Casale Huberti of the Cru- saders (Ritter, JErdh. xvi, 782). It was first identi- fied by Maundrell {.Tourney, March 21) in the modern es-Zib (comp. Vit. Salad, p. 98), on the Mediterranean coast, about ten miles north of Acre (Robinson's Re- searches, iii, Append, p. 133 ; new ed. iii, 628). It stands on an ascent close by the sea-side, overhanging the ancient Roman road, and is a small place with a few palm-trees rising above the dwellings (Pococke, East, ii, 115 ; Richter, WaVf. p. 70 ; Irby and Mangles, p. 196; Buckingham, Palest, i, 99; Legh, in Mach- michael's Journey, p. 250; De Saulcy's Narrative, i, 66; comp. Lightfoot, Opp. ii, 219 ; Fuller, Miscel. p. 4. 15; Cellarii Notit. ii, 481; Reland, Pala-st. p. 544; Gesenius, Thcs. Heb p. 674). It has evident traces of antiquity, but could never have been a large city (Thomson's Land and Book, i, 471).
Ac'iplia ('Am/Scv, but most copies 'Ayi^r', for Heb. Chalupha SBIpn), the head of one of the families of Nethinim (iepwWXoi, ' ' temple-servants") that return- ed from the captivity (1 Esdr. v, 31); evidently the Hakupha (q. v.) of the parallel lists (Ezra ii, 51 ; Neb. vii, 53).
Ac'itho CAjciS'wv, v. r. 'Akicmv, while other copies omit entirely , perh. for Heb. hak-katan ', IIDJ?!!, the little; or [as Fritzsche thinks, IJandb. in loc] for Ahi- tub, which some copies of the Gr. with the Syr. and Ital. have), the son of Eliu and father of Raphaim, among the ancestors of Judith (Judith viii, 1).
Ackermann, Peter Folrer, a Roman Catholic theologian of Germany, born Kov. 17, 1771, at Vien- na; died Sept. 9, 1831, at Klosterneuburg. He was ordinary professor of Old-Testament language, litera- ture, and theology at Vienna, and choir master of the monastery cr cathedral of Klosterneuburg. He was the author of an Iniroductio in libros sacros V. T. vsibits academids accommodata (Vien. 1825), and an Arc/ue- vlogia lihlica breriter exposita (Vienna, 1826), both of which works are not much more than revised editions of Jahn expurgated, so as to rescue them from the Roman Index into which they had been put by Pius VII. His commentary on the Minor Prophets, Fro* phetm Minores perpetua annotatione il/usiruti (Xh'iina, 1830), has some value, on account of the extracts it gives from older writers of the Roman Catholic Church.
Accemetae (aKoifiifral, watchers), an order of monks instituted at the beginning of the fifth century by Alexander, a Syrian monk (Burger, De Acometis. Sehneeberg, 1686). They Merc divided into three classes, who performed divine service in rotation, and so continued, night and day, without intermission. They were condemned by a synod held at Rome in 534 for maintaining that Mary was not the mother of God.— Helyot, Ordres Relig. i, 4 sq.
Acolyth or Acolyte (cuc6\ov9oq, follower), the name of an inferior order of clergy or servitors. It is not known in the Greek Church, but appears to be of very ancient establishment in the Latin Church, .since mention is made of it in the epistles of Cyprian. Their office in the ancient Church was to light the candles and to pour the wine intended to be conse- crated into the proper vessels ; to wait upon the bish-
ACONTIUS
55
ACRABBATTINE
ops and their officers, presenting to them the sacer- dotal vestments; and to accompany the bishop every- where, acting as witnesses of his conduct. At present their duties in the Papal Church arc to attend upon the deacon and sulWleacon at the altar, to make ready the wine and water at mass, to carry the thurible, and to light and earn' the candles, especially at the chant- ing of the Gospel. At Rome there are three kinds of Acolyths: the Acolyths of the palace,- palatini, who wait on the pope ; those who serve the churches, sta- tionririi, when they are stationed ; and regionarii, who serve with the deacons in different quarters of the city. The order of Acolytes is the fourth of the ordines mi- nores, through which a Romish priest must pass. For a full account of the office and its functions, see Bois- sonnet, Diet, des Rites, i, 87 ; Bingham, Orig. Eccl. bk. iii, ch. iii.
Acontius or Aconzio, James, a native of Trent, and the intimate friend of Francis Betti, a Roman. They both quitted Italy on account of their religion, having both left the communion of the Church of Rome. Betti, who left first, waited for Acontius at Basle; this was in the year 1557. Hence they went together to Zurich, where the}' parted, and Acontius, after visiting Strasburg, journeyed into England, where he was well received by queen Elizabeth, who employed him as an engineer. He was a member of the Dutch congregation in Austin-Friars, but falling under the suspicion of " Anabaptistical and Arian prin- ciples," proceedings were taken against him before Grindal, bishop of London, who sentenced him to be refused the Holy Sacrament, and forbade the Dutch congregations to receive him. He died in 15G6, ac- cording to Niceron. He inclined toward moderation and principles of tolerance in matters of religion. Ar- minius styled him "divinum prudential ac modera- tionis lumen." He wrote Dz Method), hoc est, de recte invest' gandarum tradendarumque Scientiarum rations (8vo, Basle, 1558); Strategemita Salanx (8vo, Basle, 15G5. Transl. into French, 4to. There is also an Eng- lish translation of the four first books, London, 1648). — Richard and Giraud, Bib. Saer. ; New General Bio- graphical Dictionary, i, 3G; Landon, Feci. Diet. s. v.