2. A city of the Ammonites, apparently opposite Heshbon, and devastated next to it by tbe Babyloni- ans on their way to Jerusalem (Jer. xlix, 3). Others, however, regard the name as an appellative here.
Ai'ah, another mode (2 Sam. iii, 7 ; xxi, 8, 10, 11 ; i Chron. i, 40) of Anglicizing the name Ajah (q. v.).
Ai'ath, another form (Isa. x, 28) of the name of the city Ai (q. v.).
Aichrnalotarch («/YuaXwr«nY»;c) an imaginary title (Carpzov, Apparat. Crit. p. 8 sq.), signifying chief of the captives, assigned to the heads of the Jewish families during the captivity (q. v.).
Aidan, a native of Ireland, who was sent, accord- ing to Bede, by the Scottish bishop, at the request of Oswald, king of Northumbria, as missionary bishop to the Northumbrians, about A.D. 635. Upon his ar- rival in Northumbria, he was appointed, at his own request, to the see of Lindisfam, then first erected, on the island of that name. Here he set up the rule of St. Columban, and persuaded the king to establish the Church in his kingdom. "Often," says Bede, " might be seen a beautiful sight — while the bishop (who was but imperfectly acquainted with the English tongue) preached, the king and his officers, who, owing to their long exile in Scotland, had acquired the language of that country, interpreted his words to the people." Bede says that " nothing more commended his doctrine to the attention of his hearers than the fact that, as he taught, so he himself lived, seeking for nothing and attaching himself to nothing which belonged to this world. All that the king gave him he quickly dis- tributed to the poor ; and never, unless when com- pelled to do so, did he travel through his diocese ex- cept on foot." He died August 31, Col, apparently broken-hearted at the de..th of the king, who, as he had predicted, perished by treachery twelve days be- fore. He is commemorated in the Romish martyr- ology on the 31st of August. — Bede, Eccl. Hist. lib. iii, cap." 3, 5. 14-17; Neander, Ck. Hist, iii, 21; Collier, Eccl. Hist, i, 203.
Aigenler, Adam, a German Jesuit, born in the Tyrol, 1633, who became professor of Hebrew at In- golstadt. In 1073 he was sent out to China as mis- sionary, and died on the voyage, August 16, 1073. Among other writings, he left Fundamenta Vnguce sancia (Dillingen, 1670, 4to). — Jocher, Attg. Gelehrten- Lexicon, Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Ginercde, i, 454.
Ai'ja, another form (Neh. xi, 31) of the name of the city Ai (q. v.).
Ai'j alon, another mode (Josh, xxi, 24 ; Judg. i, 35 ; xii, 12 ; 1 Sam. xiv, 31 ; 1 Chron. vi, 69 ; viii, 13 ; 2 Chron. xi, 10) of Anglicizing the name of the city Ajalon (q. v.).
A'ij'eleth Sha'har (Heb. Aye'leth ha?h-Shach'ar, *in'i"!"J rb^X, hind of the dawn, in which signification the terms often occur separately ; Sept. ») ovriAn^ic »'/ iwSivrf, Vulg. susceptio matutind) occurs in the title of Psa. xxii, and is apparently the name of some other poem o? song, to the measure of which this ode was to lie performed or chanted (Aben Ezra, in loc. ; Bochart, l/ieroz. i, 8*8; Eichhorn, Pr<rf adJonesium, De Po'esi Asiat. p. xxxii; Rosenmuller, De Wettc, in loc.) ; like the similar terms, e. g. Al-taschith (q. v.), which occur in the inscriptions of other Psalms (lvii, lviii, lix, lxxv), after the manner of Syriac poets (Assemani, Bibl. Orient, i, 80). The phrase, however, is not necessarily taken from the initial words of a song (as Alien Ezra maintains, eomp. Prov. v, 19), much less an amatory effusion (comp. the opening of a poem of Ibn Doreid, "O gazelle!"); but the title may be borrowed, according to Oriental custom, from some prominent expression or theme in it, like David's
" Song of the Bow" (2 Sam. i ; comp. Gesenius, Com- ment, in Isa. xxii, 1). It may in this case allude either to the hunting of the deer by the early day- light, as the most favorable time for the chase ; or, as more agreeable to the Arabic similes (Schultens, ad Meidan. Prov. p. 39), as well as rabbinical usage (Tal- mud. Hieros. Berakoth, ii, 30, 1. 30, 35, ed. Cracon.), it may refer to the rays of the rising sun under the metaphor of a stag's horns (comp. Schultens and De Sacy, ap. Haririum Cons, xxxii). The interpretation of Eaber (in Harmar's Observ. ii, 172) as signifying the beginning of daim, is less agreeable to the etymol- ogy. Some (as Hare in the Bibl. Brem. Class, i, pt. 2) understand some instrument of music ; and others (e. g. Kimchi and the Talmudists) the morning star. — Gesenius, Thes. Heb. p. 45. See Psalms.
Ail, Ajal, Ajalah. See Deer.
AiUy, Pierre r>' (Petrus de Alliaco), a noted car- dinal and learned theologian of the fourteenth cen- tury, surnamed the " Hammer of Heretics. He was born at Compicgne in 1350, of humble parentage, and completed his studies at the college of Navarre in ; Paris. The dispute between Nominalism and Realism J had not yet died out, and D'Ailly threw himself with ardor into philosophical study. He soon became noted among the students for the skill and subtlety with which he advocated the nominalist theory, and for the i wide extent of his general knowledge. At twenty- five he lectured in the university of Paris on Peter i Lombard's Sentential, and soon obtained a brilliant rep- utation. In 1377, while yet a subdeacon, he was sent as delegate to the Provincial Council of Amboise, a rare distinction for one so young. In 1380 he was made doctor of the Sorhonne. In his inaugural ad- dress he extolled tl.e study of Holy "Writ, and after- ward held lectures upon the New Testament and the i nature of the Church. D'Ailly declared that the pas- I sage, " Upon this rock," etc., Matt, xvi, 18, was to be taken in a spiritual sense, asserting that the Bible alone is the everlasting rock upon which the Church is built, as Peter and his successors could not be such, on I account of their human frailty. He also distinguished i between the universal Church of Christ and the Church j of Rome as a particular Church, and maintained that ; the latter had no precedence before the universal Church, and that another bishop than that of Rome might be the head of the Church. In 1384 D'Ailly was made the head of the College of Navarre, where i Gerson (q. v.) and Nicholas de Clemange (q. v.) were ! among his pupils. When in the university of Paris, he defended the doctrine of the Immaculate Concep- i tion against the Dominicans, and especially against I John de Montcon ; and when the latter appealed from an ecclesiastical censure to Pope Clement VII, the university sent D'Ailly to the pope to defend before him the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception, as also the opinion that the right to decide in such questions ! ('' circa ea qua sunt fidei doctrinaliter definire"} does not belong to the pope alone, but also to the doctores eccle- s/cp. The pope approved both opinions; and the uni- versity of Paris elected D'Ailly, in reward for his vic- tor}', chancellor. Soon afterward he was made con- • fessor and almoner of Charles VI, archdeacon at Cam- bray, and treasurer of the Holy Chapel at Paris. In 1394 he was sent by Charles VI to Peter de Luna (Benedict XIII), to prevail upon this antipope to re- sign, but Benedict succeeded in bringing D'Ailly over to his side, and, through him, was recognised by France as the legitimate pope. He appointed D'Ailly, in 1398, bishop of Cambray. D'Ailly continued to take an active and prominent part in the endeavors made for a restoration of the ecclesiastical unity. In 1409 he was a leading member of the Council of Pisa, and prevailed upon the council to depose all the popes who at that time claimed the Papal See. Alexander V was nominated in their place, but died soon after.