Albert, fifth archbishop of Magdeburg and primate of all Germany (1513), and further, in 1514, elected archbishop of Mentz, both of which archiepiscopal sees, by dispensation from Pope Leo X, he held together — a thing altogether without example. Besides this, he was appointed administrator of the bishopric of Hal- berstadt. He made a contract with Pope Leo for the farming of indulgences, and made the notorious Tetzel (q. v.) one of the agents for their sale in Germany. The proceedings of Tetzel were vigorously watched and opposed by Luther, who, in turn, was hated by the archbishop. His efforts to retard the Reformation were rewarded by the cardinal's hat in 1518. He was the first to introduce the Jesuits into Germany. He died at Mentz in 1545. His writings are, 1. Statuta pro Cleri Reformations : — 2. Decreta adversus Nova- tores Lutherum et A sseclas : — 3. Sermons : — 4. Oratio de Bello movemdo contra Turcos (Eisleben, 1608) : — 5. Re- sponse ad Epist. Lvtheri: — 6. Constitutions and Statutes Ecclesiastical, in German (Leipsic, 1552). — Fabricius, Biblioth. Hist, i, 386, 407, 411.
Alberti, John, a Dutch theologian and philoso- pher, was born at Assen in 1698, and died in 1762. He was pastor at Harlem, and subsequently professor of theology at the university of Lejden. He wrote 06- servationes Philological in saci:os Novi Faderis Libros (Leyd.1725), in which he collected from profane writers parallel passages in justification of the Greek language
| of the New Testament ; a Glossarium Gra;cum in sacros noviz Faderis libros (Leyd. 1735). He also published the first volume of the Lexicon of Hesychius, the sec- ond volume of which was published by Ruhnhenius (Leyd. 1766).— Hoefer, Biog. Gencrale, iii, 615.
Alberti, Leander, a Dominican monk and writer, was born at Bologna, Dec. 11, 1479, and entered the order of St. Dominic in 1495. He applied himself entirely to study, and was called to Rome by the gen- eral of his order, Francis Sylvester, of Ferrara, in 1525, to act as one of his assistants, with the title of Pro- vincial of the Holy Land. He was also inquisitor- general at Bologna, where he died in 1552. Among his writings are De Viris Must. Ord. Pra-dlcatorum libri vi (Bolog. 1517, fol.) ; De D. Dominki Obilu tt Sepuliura (Bolog. 1535) ; Historic di Bologna (up to 1279 ; Bolog. 1541-1590); Descriz;one di tutta V Italia, etc. (Bolog. 1550 ; Ven. 1551, 1581, and 1588 ; Latin, Cologne, 1567). — Niceron, Memoires, xxvi, 303 ; Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, i, 617.
Albertini, Johann Baptist vox, a Moravian bishop, bom in 1769 at Neuwied, in German)'. He was appointed in 1804 preacher at Niesky, and conse- crated bishop in 1814. In 1821 he became bishop at Herrnhut, and died in 1831 at Berthelsdorf. He dis- tinguished himself especially as the author of many beautiful hymns, some of which have been received into nearly all the Protestant hymn-books of Germany. His theological works are, Predigten (1805, 3d ed. 1829) ; Geistliche Lieder (1821, 3d ed. 1835) ; Reden (1832).
Albertus Magnus. See Albert.
Albigenses, the name of one or more religious sects to whom this title seems to have been first given in the twelfth century in the south of France, distin- guished by their zealous opposition to the Church of Rome, as also by the peculiar doctrines for which they contended. Some writers (e. g. Give) suppose them to be the same as the Waldenses, as the two sects are generally associated and condemned together by the Romanist writers. But it is certain that the Wal- denses originated at a later period and held a purer faith, though it is not at all impossible that in the ter- rible persecutions to which the Albigenses were sub- jected many Waldenses were included. In the creed of the Waldenses "we find no vestiges of Dualism, nor any thing which indicates the least affinity with Oriental theories of emanation." That the Albigenses were identical with the Waldenses has been main- tained by two very different schools of theologians for precisely opposite interests: by the Romanists, to make the Waldenses responsible for the errors of the Albigenses, and by a number of respectable Protes- tant writers (e. g. Allix), to show that the Albigenses were entirely free from the errors charged against them by their Romish persecutors. "What these bodies held in common, and what made them equally the prey of the inquisitor, was their unwavering be- lief in the corruption of the mediaeval Church, espe- cially as Kovernod by the Roman pontiffs" (Hard wick, Middle Ages, p. 311).
By some writers their origin is traced to the Pauli- cians (q. v.) or Bogomiles (q. v.), who, having with- drawn from Bulgaria and Thrace, either to escape per- secution or, more probably, from motives of zeal to extend their doctrines, settled in various parts of Europe. They acquired different names in different countries ; as in Italy, whither they originally mi- grated, they were called Paterini and Cathari ; and in France Albigenses, from the name of a diocese (Albi) in which they were dominant, or from the fact that their opinions were condemned in a council held at Albi in the year 1176. Besides these names, they were called in different times and places, and by va- rious authors, Bulgarians, Publicans (a corruption of Paulicians), Boni Homines, Petro-Brussi.ins, Ilenri- cians, Abelardists, and Arnaldists. In the twelfth