Albirms (a frequent Roman name, signifying whitish ; Graseized 'AX/3? voe), a procurator of J udsea in the reign of Nero, about A.D. 62 and 63, the successor of Festus and predecessor of Florus. He was guilty of almost every kind of crime in his government, par- doning the vilest criminals for money, and shamelessly plundering the provincials (Josephus, Ant. xx, 8, 1; War, ii, 14, 1). He was perhaps identical with Luc- cius Albinus, procurator of Mauritania under Nero and Galba, but murdered by his subjects on the ac- cession of Otho, A.D. 69 (Tacitus, Hist, ii, 58, 59).
Albizzi, Anthony, an Italian theologian, born at Florence on November 25, 1547, died at Kempten, Bavaria, on July 17, 1626. He occupied important posts at several Italian courts, but had to leave his na- tive country when he embraced Protestantism. He lived afterward at Augsburg, Innspruck, and (after 1606) at, Kempten. He published Sermones in Mat- tha'um (Augsburg, 1609, 8vo) ; Principium Christian- orum Summata (1612, 12mo) ; De principiis religionis Christiana (1612) ; Exercitationes theologicce (Kempten, 1616, 4to).
Albizzi, Bartholomew, of Pisa, a Franciscan monk and writer, better known under his Latin name Bartholomneus Albicius Pisanus, born at Rivano, in Tuscany, died at Pisa, Dec. 10, 1401. He owes his celebrity to a blasphemous work (Liber Conformitatum Sancii Francisci cum Christo), in which he drew a par- allel between the events in the life of Christ and the life of Francis of Assisi. This work was presented to and expressly approved by the General Chapter of the Franciscan Order in the meeting at Assisi in 1339. The first edition of the work appeared, without date, at Venice (in folio) ; the second (1480) and third (1484) editions, which appeared under the title Li Fioretti di San Francisco, assimilati alia vita ed alia passione di Nostro Figuare, are only abridgments. A refutation of this work by P. Vergerio (Discorsi supra i Fioretti di San Francisco) was put into the Index, and the author
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declared a heretic. At the time of the Reformation Erasmus Alber (q. v.) wrote a celebrated work against Albizzi. The refutations of Albizzi, and especially the work of Alber, produced so profound an impres- sion that the Franciscans considered it best to modify the work. Hence a large number of editions were published, which differ from the original both in title and in contents, such as the Liber Aureas by Bucchius (Bologna, 1590), and the Antiquitates Eranciscance by Bosquier (Cologne, 1623, 8vo). These editions were again followed by several apologies, refutations, and counter-refutations. According to Wadding (A nnales Minorum, vol. ix), Albizzi had, during 60 years, the reputation of being an eminent preacher, and taught theology at Bologna, Padua, Pisa, Siena, and Florence. His sermons were published at Milan in 1488. A work, De vita et laudibus B. Maria Virginis, fibri vii, ap- peared at Venice in 1596. Other works are still ex- tant in manuscript. — Fabricius, Bibl. Lat. Med. et In- fimce cetatis, i, 318 ; Hoefer, Biog. Generate, i, 640.
Albrights, a body of German Methodists, so called from their founder, Jacob Albright. See Evangel- ical Association.
Alcantara, Orders of. 1. The name of a mili- tary order in Spain. The town of Alcantara having been taken from the Moors in 1212 by Alphonso IX, he intrusted the keeping of it to the knights of Calatra- va, in the first instance, and two years after to the knights of St. Julian, an order instituted in 1156 (ac- cording to Angelo Manrique) by Suarez and Gomez, two brothers, and confirmed by Pope Alexander III in 1177, under the mitigated rule of St. Benedict, as in the case of the knights of Calatrava, whose other ob- servances they also, subsequently, followed. Gomez at first was only sty\edprwr, but afterward he assumed the title of grand master, and the order itself came to be styled the order of the knights of Alcantara. Upon the defeat of the Moors and the capture of Granada, the mastership of the order, as well as that of Calatrava, was united to the crown of Castile bj- Ferdinand and Isabella. In 1540 the knights of Alcantara obtained permission to marry ("to avoid offence"). Joseph Bonaparte, in 1808, deprived the order of all its rev- enues, part of which was restored in 1814 and the fol- lowing j'ears by Ferdinand VII. In 1835 it was abol- ished as an ecclesiastical order, but it still exists as a court and civil order. Their arms are a pear-tree with two grafts. This order, in its best days, possess- ed 50 commanderies, and exer- cised lordship over 53 towns or villages of Spain ; it had the same dignities, and nearly the same statutes, as the order of Calatrava. The dress of cere- mony consisted of a large white mantle with a green cross, jteur- defisee, on the left side, to dis- tinguish them from the knights of Calatrava. They were bound by vow to maintain the doctrine of the immaculate conception of the Blessed Virgin. — Ilel- yot, Diet, des Ordres Religieux ; Landon, Eccles. Dictionary, i, 217.
2. The name of a branch of the Franciscan order. See Franciscans.
Al'cimus ("AX/a/<or, strong, or perh. only a Gras- eized form of the Heb. Eliakim), called, also, Jacimus, i. e. Joakim {'laicH/ior, Josephus, Ant. xii, 9, 7), a Jew- ish priest (1 Mace, vii, 14; who, apostatizing to the Syrians, was appointed high-priest (15. C. 162) by King Demetrius, as successor of Menelaus (1 Mace, vii, 5), by the influence of Lysias, though not of the pontifical family (Josephus, Ant. xii, 9, 5; xx, 9; 1 Mace, vii,